Top Class: The OECD Education Policy Podcast | Teachers, PISA, Students

What does it take to lead one of the world’s highest-performing education systems? In this episode of Top Class, OECD Editor Duncan Crawford speaks with Estonia’s Minister of Education and Research, Kristina Kallas. Drawing on Estonia’s experience with digital learning, teacher professionalism and long-term student well-being, Kallas reflects on the pressures facing education leaders today, including rapid technological change and teacher shortages. The conversation also explores how Estonia has sustained strong outcomes over time, which lessons may (and may not) translate to other countries and the recent International Summit on the Teaching Profession, which was held in Tallinn. You can find the OECD’s latest publication for the International Summit on the Teaching Profession – Reimagining Teaching in an Accelerating World – here: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/international-summit-on-the-teaching-profession_23127090.html

Working with young children can be a tough job, so what can be done to ensure staff want to stay in their jobs? This episode of Top Class delves into the world of creches, kindergartens and nurseries. While most early childhood education and care staff report high job satisfaction, around half don’t feel valued by society, according to the OECD’s TALIS Starting Strong survey. OECD Editor Duncan Crawford is joined by two experts to discuss workplace conditions, societal recognition and the policies that can strengthen staff retention in the sector. • Elizabeth Shuey, OECD analyst and co-author of the Starting Strong survey • Anne-Marie Brooks, Assistant Secretary at Ireland’s Department of Children, Disability and Equality You can learn more insights about this subject by viewing the OECD’s Insights and Interpretations brochure: https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/support-materials/2025/12/results-from-talis-starting-strong-2024_763cbc56/talis3s2024-insights-interpretations.pdf And check out the full TALIS Starting Strong survey results here: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/results-from-talis-starting-strong-2024_20af08c0-en.html

Can alternative pathways into teaching help tackle teacher shortages and strengthen the profession? With traditional teacher preparation programmes struggling to keep pace with demand in some countries, especially in underserved areas, some are turning to non-traditional routes to attract new talent. Drawing on insights from the OECD paper Alternative Pathways into Teaching: Broadening Access and Expanding Diversity, this episode of Top Class takes a close look at one model - Nexus, an Australian programme that allows participants to earn a teaching qualification while working in schools. Professors Joanna Barbousas and Miriam Tanti from La Trobe University in Melbourne, who work on the Nexus programme, as well as Barbara O’Brien, Principal of Greater Shepparton Secondary College in Victoria, who has welcomed Nexus trainee teachers into her school, explain how alternative pathways work in practice and why others should consider them.

Generative Artificial Intelligence is rapidly emerging as one of the most debated forces in education today. Tools such as ChatGPT and Claude are widely predicted to reshape how students learn and how teachers teach. Advocates argue that GenAI could democratise access to high quality education, offering personalised learning at scale while reducing administrative burdens for educators. Critics warn of significant risks, from undermining student learning to eroding teacher autonomy. In this episode of Top Class, we explore the latest emerging evidence shared in the OECD’s Digital Education Outlook 2026. Senior OECD Analyst Stéphan Vincent Lancrin speaks to OECD Editor Duncan Crawford about the latest research, the potential and the risks of GenAI, and what this means for the future of teaching and learning.

Nine in ten teachers are satisfied with their jobs, yet one in five report a lot of stress. Just two of the findings from the new OECD TALIS report, the largest survey of teachers and school leaders in the world. TALIS captured the perspectives of 280,000 teachers across over 50 education systems. In this episode of Top Class, OECD project manager Ruo Chen, who led the TALIS team, and Antonia Wulff, Director of Research, Policy and Advocacy at Education International, tell the OECD’s Duncan Crawford about the findings.

A new OECD report reveals that nearly 40% of 15-year-olds are uncertain about their future careers. Alarmingly, only one in three students has attended a job fair or completed an internship, and over 20% hold unrealistic job aspirations. These findings come from The State of Global Teenage Career Preparation, a comprehensive look at how well young people are being equipped for the world of work. In this episode of Top Class, OECD Editor Duncan Crawford speaks with the report’s lead author, Anthony Mann, to unpack the data and explore what needs to change. You can read the full report here: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/the-state-of-global-teenage-career-preparation_d5f8e3f2-en.html

More people are getting degrees than ever before, but family background has a big influence on whether people pursue university or another form of tertiary education. That’s one of the key findings of this year’s OECD report Education at a Glance. The report is the authoritative source of information on the state of education worldwide, with data on the structure, financing and performance of education systems across OECD countries and partner economies. In this edition of Top Class, the OECD’s Director for Education and Skills Andreas Schleicher speaks to OECD Editor Duncan Crawford about the main findings.

Despite Russia’s war of aggression, Ukraine is rewriting the future of its education system. The New Ukrainian School reform programme is a bold initiative to move away from Soviet-era style schooling and to instead embrace a more modern, student-centred approach. It was launched in 2016, two years after Ukraine's pro-Russian president Viktor Yanukovych was ousted after months of mass demonstrations. In this episode of Top Class, former Minister of Education and Science Liliia Hrynevych (2016–2019) joins OECD Editor Duncan Crawford to discuss Ukraine's reform journey. She talks about the country's ambitions, the challenges and why even amidst conflict, Ukraine remains committed to transforming how it teaches the next generation.

How to improve Ukraine’s education system during a time of war was the main topic of discussion at an education festival in the western Ukrainian city of Lviv last month. More than 2,000 Ukrainian teachers gathered for the Teachers of the Future 2025 festival to discuss efforts to reshape schools across the country. Despite Russia’s ongoing war of aggression, Ukrainian policymakers are pushing forward with reforms to tailor learning for all students so they can fulfil their full potential. The New Ukrainian School reforms, launched in 2016, focus on developing key life competencies, empowering teachers and fostering critical thinking and creativity in pupils. In this episode of Top Class, the OECD’s Duncan Crawford spoke to policymakers, teachers and students at the festival about the impact of the reforms.

Employers are struggling to find skilled workers. How can we fix the job skills gap? Apprenticeships are touted as one possible solution. They combine on-the-job training with classroom learning, allowing employers to recruit and train people to meet their skills needs. According to the OECD, there are huge opportunities for apprenticeships to expand into a wider range of sectors. But many countries are failing to take full advantage of them. In this episode of Top Class, Doug Walton, an Associate at research and consulting firm Abt Global, and Dr. Bryan Coyne from the Faculty of Business & Social Sciences at Atlantic Technological University in Sligo, Ireland, discuss how people and businesses can make the most of apprenticeships. Learn more by reading the latest research shared at the 2025 joint Cedefop-OECD symposium: New fields for apprenticeship: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/events/2025-joint-cedefop-oecd-symposium-new-fields-apprenticeship

The early years of a child's life are crucial for their development. Falling behind early can mean never catching up. How can countries ensure lasting benefits from early childhood education and care? In this episode of Top Class, Stephanie Jones, the Gerald S. Lesser Professor in Early Child Development at Harvard University, and Professor Henrik Zachrisson from Centre for Research and Equality in Education at Oslo University, discuss with OECD Editor Duncan Crawford ideas to ensure that all young children get lasting benefits from early education.

How can you help disengaged teenagers rediscover their passion for learning? In this episode of Top Class, Rebecca Winthrop, a Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Universal Education at the Brookings Institution, discusses ideas from the new book she has co-authored called ‘The Disengaged Teen: Helping Kids Learn Better, Feel Better, and Live Better’ with OECD’s Director for Education and Skills Andreas Schleicher. Whether you’re a parent, teacher or simply interested in the topic, this episode outlines practical strategies and policies to make education engaging and relevant.

Wildfires raging in Los Angeles have destroyed thousands of homes and forced the closure of hundreds of schools. With communities trying to cope following the destruction, including the burning down of schools, what should teachers do to support students at this time? In this episode of Top Class, Developmental-Behavioural Paediatrician David Schonfeld, Director of the National Center for School Crisis and Bereavement at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, speaks to OECD Editor Duncan Crawford about the critical role educators play during times of crisis. The National Center for School Crisis and Bereavement helps children and communities deal with trauma and grief. You can learn more about it here https://www.schoolcrisiscenter.org/ Learn more about the OECD’s work on well-being here https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/teachers-well-being_c36fc9d3-en.html

As technologies transform businesses, what critical skills are needed to succeed in the workforce of the future? With artificial intelligence, the green transition, globalisation and much more all impacting the world of work, there is an urgent need for policymakers, educators and businesses to respond. In this episode of Top Class, we explore what needs to happen to ensure people can develop the right skills to prosper in the years ahead. Stefano Scarpetta, the OECD’s Director of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, and the Chief Economist at LinkedIn, Karin Kimbrough, tell OECD Editor Duncan Crawford how people can adapt and upskill to ensure they don’t get left behind. Want to learn more about taking a skills first approach? Read: https://oecdedutoday.com/unfilled-job-vacancies-a-skills-first-approach-can-help/ Want to learn more about the OECD Survey of Adult Skills? Read our Insights and Interpretations brochure: https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/support-materials/2024/12/survey-of-adult-skills-2023_1ab54c9e/PIAAC2024_InsightsInterpretations_FULL.pdf

Over the past decade, literacy and numeracy skills among adults have largely declined or stagnated in most OECD countries. This is the main finding from the second OECD Survey of Adult Skills, a once-in-a-decade assessment that measured the skills of adults across 31 countries and economies. Despite efforts to strengthen education and adult training systems, only Finland and Denmark have seen significant improvements in adult literacy skills. However, adults performed better in the numeracy proficiency test, with eight countries seeing their average scores improve. In this episode of Top Class, the OECD’s Director for Education and Skills, Andreas Schleicher, tells OECD Editor Duncan Crawford why he is concerned about the findings. Learn more about the OECD Survey of Adult Skills here: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/do-adults-have-the-skills-they-need-to-thrive-in-a-changing-world_b263dc5d-en.html

Every year, countless teachers face stress-related illnesses and burnout. While some manage to keep going, often at a reduced capacity, others leave the profession entirely. In this episode of Top Class, we explore how policymakers and schools can better support teacher well-being and create healthy working environments to ensure educators remain happy and healthy. The CEO of mental health and well-being charity Education Support Sinéad McBrearty and Pedro De Bruyckere, the head of Leerpunt in Flanders in Belgium, a knowledge broker in education, speak to OECD Editor Duncan Crawford about practical strategies to create sustainable and supportive environments for teachers. Teachers in the UK can get mental health and well-being support with Education Support: https://www.educationsupport.org.uk/ Learn more about some of the OECD’s work in this area with the New Professional and the Future of Teaching Project: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/projects/new-professionalism-and-the-future-of-teaching.html

Why is there a persistent gender gap in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) subjects? Despite their growing importance for many future jobs, women make up only about a third of STEM graduates, with numbers dropping to as low as 20% in some OECD countries. This disparity is alarming to many policymakers, especially considering the lucrative and impactful careers STEM fields offer. In this episode of Top Class, Beatrice Boots, Director of the Dutch STEM Platform PTvT and Chair of the EU STEM Coalition, and Priscilla Wanjiku Gatonye, Program Officer for Inclusion and Youth at UNESCO’s International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training, tell OECD Editor Duncan Crawford that increasing female participation in STEM subjects should be a priority.

Many countries are experiencing a growing skills gap – what can be done to address the issue? WorldSkills, the largest international skills competition, aims to help. Held every two years, it sees more than 1,400 talented young people compete in 62 different technical disciplines, from Cloud Computing and 3D Game Design to Plumbing and Floristry. The aim is to show off the importance of skills-based learning and to make technical and vocational professions more attractive to school leavers. The OECD is working with WorldSkills to ensure quality vocational schemes support the jobs of the future. OECD Editor Duncan Crawford travelled to Lyon to check out the contest. Learn more about the work of the OECD and WorldSkills here👉 bit.ly/4dcVxTq Learn more about the OECD’s new PISA-VET initiative here 👉 https://bit.ly/3uMb9wX

On average, science scores have been falling globally for over a decade. What can be done to improve the quality of science teaching? In this episode of Top Class, Nobel Prize winning physicist Carl Wieman, Professor Emeritus of Physics and Education at Stanford University, and Yidan Prize winner, tells OECD Editor Duncan Crawford that current science teaching techniques are often ineffective. He argues that traditional lectures need to be ditched in favour of more active learning methods. Learn more about global science scores in the latest PISA report here: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2022-results-volume-i_53f23881-en.html Learn more about The Yidan Prize here: yidanprize.org

Education budgets are huge. Public spending on schools, universities and other public and private educational institutions is around 5% of GDP across OECD countries on average. But is the money well spent? In this episode of Top Class, Economist Professor Eric Hanusek, the Paul and Jean Hanna Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, and Yidan Prize winner, tells OECD Editor Duncan Crawford that smarter spending would lead to considerably better learning outcomes and make societies better off. Learn more about public spending on education here: https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/public-spending-on-education.html Learn more about The Yidan Prize here: https://yidanprize.org/