The History of Cyprus Podcast

In this episode, we explore the fascinating history of the Kigalas family, a prominent Cypriot family that played a significant role in the religious and intellectual landscape of the 16th and 17th centuries. My guest, Ioannis Kyriakantonakis, provides an in-depth look at the political and religious dynamics of the Kigalas family. At the heart of our discussion is Matthaios Kigalas, a highly influential Orthodox cleric and scholar who moved to Venice, where he became a key figure in both Orthodox and Catholic circles. We also trace the paths of his sons—Ioannis, Demetrios, and the enigmatic Hilarion Kigalas—who pursued careers in Renaissance Europe as scholars, physicians, and clerics. Through the lives of the Kigalas family, we uncover broader themes of identity, faith, and the fluid boundaries between East and West. Their story offers valuable insights into religious diplomacy, intellectual exchange, and the legacy and impact of Cypriot scholars abroad. You can purchase Ioannis' new book here: https://papazissi.gr/product/istorikos-logos-tis-megalis-ekklisias-kata-tin-proimi-neoterikotita/

"The Charites of Cyprus infused him with charm, With the tongue of Homer and the mind of Plato. -A distich from Ioannis Kigalas' portrait Ioannis Kigalas (Greek: Ιωάννης Κιγάλας; Italian: Giovanni Cigala, c. 1622 – c. 5 November 1687) was a Cypriot scholar and professor of Philosophy, Language and Logic at the University of Padua. Along with his brothers, Demetrios and Hilarion, they were educated at the Greek College of Rome, each pursuing distinct but interconnected careers within the intellectual and ecclesiastical spheres of their time. In this excerpt we hear from Ioannis' colleague at the University of Padua, Charles Patin, professor of medicine, who praises Kigalas intellectual prowess. This leads us to next month's episode on the Kigalas Family. Here is the text in full: He cultivated the purity and elegance of the Attic language so earnestly that if the Attic Siren Isocrates or Xenophon’s muse were to revive, they would undoubtedly recognize in this man all the charms and beauty of their language. However, while he took delight in the more pleasant literary studies, he did not neglect the more rigorous disciplines; for he applied himself diligently to philosophy and theology, in which he excelled so much that, after demonstrating his sharp intellect through numerous public examinations, he was deservedly counted among the doctors of philosophy by the judgment of the wisest men.

Cyprus' landscape is dotted with castles -- most famously by those nestled on the Kyrenia mountain range -- many which predate the Lusignan Period. First built by the Byzantines to protect Cyprus' northern coast, these castles would become fortified and expanded by the Franks. But Western sources circa twelfth and thirteenth centuries speak of castles throughout the main cities including "castrum Famagustam," "castellum quod dicitur Baffes" and "castellum quoddam firmissimum" in Nicosia. Were there castles there too? And for that matter, why were they later abandoned? Today my guest is renowned castellologist, Dr. James Petre, whose definitive work "Crusader Castles of Cyprus" frames the bulk of this episode.

Our primary source this month comes from the 12th century English chronicler, Roger of Hoveden (Howden). This excerpt was chosen as it references a number of castles that dotted the Cypriot landscape during Richard the Lionheart's campaign. You'll hear him refer to Buffavent (Buffavento), Kantara, Dieu D'Amour (a possible corruption of the Greek name, Didymus -- now St. Hilarion) and an unknown castle in Nicosia called Cherin. Its significance is that the castles predate Richard's conquest (i.e., they are Byzantine structures) and serves as a nice segue into my interview next month with Dr. James Petre on the Castles of Cyprus!

In this bonus episode, Dr. Christian Körner takes us into the world of Iron Age Cyprus and its city-kingdoms, exploring the foundation myths that shaped their identities. With legendary figures like Pygmalion, who fashioned a statue that came to life; Myrrha, the tragic mother of Adonis; and Teucer, the exiled half-brother of Ajax who is said to have founded Salamis. Other examples include Acamas, son of Theseus, who was linked to the founding of Soli; Agapenor, the Arcadian king who settled in Paphos after the Trojan War; and Kinyras, the mythical king of Cyprus associated with Aphrodite’s cult and with musical and priestly traditions that echo Greek heroic ideals. Körner explains how these myths should be seen as intentional histories, crafted to serve political, cultural, or even propagandistic purposes at the time they were written down. While many stories link Cypriot origins to Athenian or Homeric heroes, others, like those of Amathus and Paphos, emphasize local roots. He also highlights how these myths often aimed to explain place names, assert legitimacy, or reinforce alliances—effectively serving as ancient “branding campaigns” for the cities, reinforcing cultural ties while also asserting the island’s unique local identity.

Calocaerus (Greek: Καλόκαιρος; d. 334 AD) was a Roman usurper who led a short-lived revolt against Emperor Constantine I in Cyprus. Appointed in 330 AD as Magister pecoris camelorum ("Master of the Flock and Camels"), a position with uncertain significance, Calocaerus proclaimed himself emperor in 334 AD. His rebellion, however, was swiftly suppressed by Flavius Dalmatius, Constantine's half-brother, and he was executed in Tarsus. While often dismissed as an inconsequential footnote, the context of his revolt raises intriguing questions. In this episode, I’m joined by Dr. Maria Castello, whose research sheds new light on this period. Maria suggests that Calocaerus’ rebellion might have been more significant than previously thought. The timing, occurring shortly after a devastating earthquake, and the dramatic manner of his execution hint at broader implications.

The Calocaerus Revolt (334 CE) was an uprising led by a certain Calocaerus, the Magister Pecoris Camelorum (Master of the Flock and Camels) in Cyprus, who declared himself emperor. The revolt was short lived and ruthlessly suppressed in the same year by Flavius Dalmatius, half brother to Emperor Constantine I. We know of the events from historians such as St. Jerome (Jerome of Stridon), St. Theophanes the Confessor and (our earliest source) from Sextus Aurelius Victor in his work De Caesaribus. Written in the 4th century, it provides a concise summary of the lives and reigns of Roman emperors from Augustus to Constantius II, and it draws heavily from the Enmannsche Kaisergeschichte, a lost source that served as a common framework for several late Roman historical accounts. This short (but important) source springboards us to next month's episode: the little known and enigmatic Calocaerus Revolt with Maria Castello!

The history of archaeology in Cyprus started with a focus on collecting ancient objects, which influenced how archaeology was done on the island into the 1900s. In the 1800s and 1900s, foreign expeditions came to Cyprus to dig up artifacts, but this also led to illegal digging and private collections, both on the island and in the West. My guest this month, Luca Bombardieri (Director of the Erimi Archaeological Project in Cyprus) looks at the time when Europeans first became really interested in Cypriot history, moving from just writing about it to collecting actual objects. It focuses on three Italian travelers in the late 1700s (Giovanni Mariti, Domenico Sestini and Antonio Mondaini) exploring how their discoveries and actions shaped the way people understood and handled Cypriot artifacts over the next 200 years.

Giovanni Mariti (1736–1806) was an Italian traveler best known for his detailed accounts of the Eastern Mediterranean, particularly Cyprus, during the 18th century. Born in Florence, Mariti served as an official in the service of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and his travels provided him with firsthand insights into the social, political, and economic life of the regions he visited. He stayed in Cyprus for seven years and served as an official in the Tuscan consulate in Larnaca. His most notable work, Travels in the Island of Cyprus, written in the late 18th century, is a rich source of information on the customs, governance, and history of Cyprus under Ottoman rule -- particularly in the earliest excavations on the island. In this excerpt, we hear from Mariti as he discusses some interesting finds in and around Larnaca. This excerpt is a perfect springboard into my next month's guest, Luca Bombardieri (Director of the Erimi Archaeological Project) as we discuss early archaeology in his latest publication, "From Exploration to Exploitation: Giovanni Mariti, Domenico Sestini, Antonio Mondaini and the Early History of Cypriot Archaeology."

The Bouliler brothers are emblematic figures of banditry amidst a backdrop of economic struggle and social change. Hasan Bulli, a Turkish Cypriot from Paphos, became a legendary folk hero in Cyprus in the late 19th century. Often compared to American outlaws like Jesse James, he gained notoriety for his bold actions and was remembered through songs and tales long after his death. His life changed after his love for Emete, his uncle's wife, and a conflict with a fellow outlaw, Hayreddin. After a failed ambush attempt on Hayreddin—who had allegedly harassed Emete—Hasan was framed and sentenced to prison for a crime he denied committing. Hasan was convicted and fled to the mountains, where he spent 18 months as a fugitive. His brothers Kaymakam and Hüseyin also became fugitives after being accused of murder. They formed a gang and operated in the mountains until 1896 where they were ultimately captured and killed. But who were the Bullis? And how do we separate fact from fiction? Through a balanced lens, Professor Mehmet Demiryürek (Hitit University) examines the reality behind the legends, exploring the socio-economic conditions of the period, the Bouliler's deeds and misdeeds, and their enduring impact on modern Cypriot memory.

Hasan Bulli is a significant figure in the history of Cyprus. A notorious bandit who roamed the island’s rural landscape in the late 19th century, he became something of a folk hero--often compared to Jesse James. His daring deeds and the stories surrounding his gang became the stuff of legend in Cypriot folklore. Turkish Cypriot poet Hafız Cemaleddin immortalized them in a poem titled Cyprus Bandit under the British Rule published on June 21, 1896. Next month, join The History of Cyprus Podcast as I welcome Dr. Mehmet Demiryürek to discuss brigands and bandits in 19th-century Cyprus!

For this bonus episode, I interview Jan Coenaerts and Polte De Weirdt from Vrije University in Belgium as they embark on their next season at The Hala Sultan Tekke Hinterland Survey Project (HST-HASP). They use archaeological survey and landscape analysis to reassess spatial organization at Dromolaxia-Vyzakia (13th–12th century BCE Late Bronze Age harbour town) in order to reconstruct its long-term settlement dynamics, revealing that the Late Bronze Age settlement at Dromolaxia-Vyzakia was larger and more dispersed than previously thought.

In this interview, we delve into the past with bioarchaeologist, Sherry Fox (Arizona State University), as we explore how bioarchaeologists utilize technology to reconstruct the lives of ancient inhabitants, identify various ailments they suffered and how studying even their teeth can unveil details about their occupations. We'll explore a variety of subjects, including cranial modification practices in Cyprus(!), the evolution of burial customs throughout centuries, and the ethical considerations surrounding the preservation of human remains.

Luigi Palma Di Cesnola is a controversial figure in Cypriot history. Born in Turin in 1832, he served in the First Italian War of Independence and later in the Crimean War. In 1858, he left Italy for the United States where his service in U.S. Civil War earned him distinction. He was later appointed as a consul in Larnaca where he engaged in wide-spread excavations (which many have considered tantamount to looting). Most of his finds were purchased by the Metropolitan Museum of Art where he served as its first director. His finds can still be seen there to this day. This excerpt was taken from his book, "Cyprus: Its Ancient Cities, Tombs and Temples" where he describes one of the many tombs across Cyprus. This, of course, being the perfect introduction to next month's guest, Dr. Sherry Fox, where we discuss changing burial customs in Cyprus from the very ancient to the present. Next month: Bones, Burials and Bioarchaeology! Here is the text in full: "West of these tombs, I discovered nine oven-shaped caverns, containing such a quantity of bones that I was extremely curious to examine one thoroughly. Accordingly, the earth was removed and I counted no less than sixty-four human skulls. These nine caverns would have been infinitely too small to contain the amount of bodies indicated and I believe therefore that they were ossuaries for bones, removed from the rock-cut tombs to make way for other bodies. There was a platform made of sun-dried bricks and upon the platform the dead were laid, with the head always towards the entrance. These tombs were made to contain in most cases three bodies, yet in many of them the remains of two, one on the right and the other on the left of the doorway. In some few instances a reversed earthenware plate was found placed under the head, serving as a pillow to the dead." Luigi Palma Di Cesnola - Cyprus Its Ancient Cities, Tombs and Temples, 1877"

Hello everyone! Thank you as always for tuning in. I've got a lot of great episodes planned that will take us well into 2026! Have a listen! But I'm also writing to ask for your support. If you enjoy the show or any particular episode, please consider taking some time to leave a review online. Positive reviews help grow the podcast and spread the word. And as always, you can always join as a Patron! For as little as $1 a month, you can help keep the podcast ad free and support the creation of new and exciting Primary Sources! And don't forget, follow The History of Cyprus Podcast on Instagram!

The effects of the Second World War were far-reaching -- Cyprus included. While initial reactions to the war were muted, the dynamic shifted dramatically when Greece entered the fray, spurring Cypriots to enlist in large numbers to serve King and Country. Much like in World War I, many Cypriots served as muleteers, but this time, direct action was far more likely. Thousands of Greek, Turkish, Armenian and Maronite Cypriots were deployed across the globe, including Egypt, Greece, and, most notably, Monte Cassino, Italy. They were among those evacuated at Dunkirk, flew missions with the RAF, and tragically, some even perished in concentration camps. The Cypriot war dead are commemorated in 23 different countries and across 72 cenotaphs, with notable locations including France, Germany, Poland -- and as far afield as Singapore and China. Italy holds the largest number of Cypriot graves, with volunteers interred in 18 separate cemeteries. But the war also left its mark on Cyprus itself, with the island enduring air raids, social change -- and even bombings. It may even hold the distinction of being the only allied country to "suffer air raids on the same day by three different air forces." (William Battershill, Governor of Cyprus 1939-1941). How were Cypriots trained for service? Who was recruited, and what challenges did they face upon their return? To explore these questions and more, I’m joined by Dr. Marios Siammas to discuss Cyprus in the Second World War!

The Battle of Monte Cassino (1944) was a series of Allied assaults on heavily fortified German positions in central Italy, centered around the ancient Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino. Capturing Monte Cassino would weaken Germany's grasp in Italy and open the way to Rome. Cypriot muleteers played a pivotal role in overcoming the rugged terrain and essential for the Allied Effort. Nightly, hundreds of mules carried critical supplies—such as water, rations, grenades, ammunition, and medical materials—to front-line positions, braving relentless mortar attacks. On their return, they transported the wounded to aid stations. In this dramatization, we hear from Georgios Christofi whose mule (and many other war animals) died on the slopes of Monte Cassino. The efforts of the mule companies were instrumental in securing victory at Monte Cassino. Despite constant fire, they ensured essential supplies reached the forward positions, allowing Allied forces to sustain their offensive. Their adaptability, along with lessons from previous campaigns, proved crucial in navigating and succeeding in Italy's harsh mountainous terrain.

The Knights Templar were a medieval Christian military order founded in the early 12th century. Originally established to protect pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land during the Crusades, they quickly grew in wealth and influence. In 1191, Richard the Lionheart sold Cyprus to the Knights Templar for 100,000 Syrian bezants.*** This provided the Templar Order the opportunity to exploit Cyprus' wealth for its own gain. However, this would not last long. Within a year, Cyprus was in revolt and though the rebellion was ruthlessly quelled, the Templars chose to sell Cyprus back to Richard. They did retain a number of estates and stayed on the island as landowners for centuries. But their power and wealth attracted jealousy and suspicion. In the early 14th century, King Philip IV of France, heavily indebted to the Templars, orchestrated their downfall. Accused of blasphemy, heresy and sorcery, they were arrested, put on trial and burned at the stake. Cypriot Templars were no exception. So what happened? The Knights Templar remain a subject of fascination and speculation in popular culture and historical research, with many legends and conspiracy theories surrounding their mysterious rituals, alleged secret knowledge and, yes, even hidden Templar treasure in Cyprus! I welcome Professor Emeritus from Cardiff University, Dr. Peter Edbury, to explore the Templars in Cyprus! ***According to Dr. Edbury, a Saracen Bezant was worth the value of its bullion content and would typically weigh about 3.8 grams (80% fine) which would work out to approximately £150 sterling or a total of £15 million! (approx. 19,000,000 USD)

For this month's primary source, our excerpt follows the infamous Easter Revolt* in 1192. After the Templars purchased Cyprus from King Richard the Lionheart, they initiated the heavy-handed exploitation of Cyprus, culminating in a revolt against the Templars and the subsequent transfer of Cyprus back to Richard. This will springboard us into my next interview with Professor Emeritus, Peter Edbury, and the Templar Rule in Cyprus. *This excerpt comes from the The Estoire d'Eracles -- an anonymous Old French chronicle and a continuation to William of Tyre's, "History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea." The chronicle begins with the reconquest of Jerusalem in 630 CE during Roman emperor Heraclius' reign (hence the name, Heraclius' History) and ends with Saladin's conquest of Jerusalem.

Graffiti is most often associated with vandalism today. The idea of entering a church to carve into a fresco or scratch an icon feels unthinkable. Yet, in Medieval Cyprus, graffiti was a common practice—one rooted in reverence and spiritual expression. Far from desecration, these markings, whether scripts, scratches, shapes, or symbols, carried apotropaic or petitionary significance. They were often acts of devotion, not defacement. In this episode, I’m joined by archaeologist and historian Mia Trentin to explore the fascinating world of Medieval Graffiti in Cyprus!