Code[ish]

In this episode, Ian, Laura, and Wesley talk about the importance of communication skills, specifically writing, for people in technical roles. Ian calls writing the single most important meta skill you can have. And the good news is that you can get better at it, with deliberate practice! Ian and Wesley both come from engineering backgrounds but have moved into more writing-intensive roles as their careers have progressed. Laura is an instructional designer with experience across many industries. They all agree that writing plays several different important roles for people, whether it's to educate, persuade, or even mark a decision. So if writing is such a critical part of what you're doing from an engineering perspective, how can you get better at it? Laura offers a handful of practices, including providing context, supplying the appropriate level of detail for the audience, using stories or analogies, incorporating repetition, and finding a good editor (even if it's yourself coming back to a piece with fresh eyes). The guests close the episode by sharing some of their favorite resources for improving communication skills, which are listed below. Links from this episode “Programming as Theory Building"Example of an RFC processIllusion of Explanatory DepthThe Sense of StyleWrite and Organize for Deeper LearningTech Writing course from Google

This episode is hosted by Alyssa Arvin, Senior Program Manager for Open Source at Salesforce, with guest Jim Jagielski, the newest member of Salesforce’s Open Source Program Office (OSPO). They talk about Jim’s early explorations into open source software during his time as an actual rocket scientist at NASA and his role in the formation of the Apache Software Foundation. Next, they discuss getting started in open source, specifically, how to find the right open source community for you to...

This episode of Codeish includes Greg Nokes, distinguished technical architect with Salesforce Heroku, and Lisa Marshall, Senior Vice President of TMP Innovation & Learning at Salesforce. Lisa manages a team within technology and product that focuses on overall employee success in attracting technical talent and creating a great onboarding experience. The impact of remote work Salesforce is looking at various work configurations across remote and in-office options in different ways. She...

In this episode of Codeish, Greg Nokes, distinguished technical architect with Salesforce Heroku, talks with Innocent Bindura, a senior developer at Raygun about performance monitoring. Raygun provides tools and utilities for developers to improve software quality through crash reporting and browser and application performance monitoring. According to Innocent, the absence of crash reports does not mean that software is performing well. Software can work - but not be optimal. Thus, Innocent takes a holistic view: “I look at the size of my audience, and if it's something sizable, that gets a lot of traffic, for example, a shopping cart that gets a lot of traffic on a Black Friday. I would want to be in a comfort zone when I know that during the peak periods my application is still performing, so I tend to look at the end-user, how their experience looks like during very high peak periods. And from there I start working my way back to the technology that is supporting that application.” Raygun really shines in monitoring the time spent in different functions and helping to improve the performance of highly hit endpoints. This includes performance telemetry of browser pages, the current application running, and server-side performance application monitoring. Raygun has lightweight SDKs or lightweight providers that can be injected into code. These provide a catch-all to deal with unhandled exceptions. They also encourage best practices for developers. Greg asks how to track a user's journey through the application in order to see the endpoints being hit, and the user experience. A RAM tool can provide opt-in user information. In the case of Javascript, an SDK is integrated with code to create a session ID that follows the user through every single page that they visit. This internal ID can also be associated with crash reports. Over time, Raygun can provide a complete picture of how the user session performed “from the point they visited your page, logged in, visited a couple of pages, and then left your application. The crash reports and the traces relating to that particular user are also tied up with that session on the Raygun side.” Innocent highlights a sampling strategy that reduces the noise of APM data. Raygun also provides a birds-eye application view that provides aggregated stats on application performance: “For the run product, you will have each page aggregated over time, regardless of how many users you've had in a period of time. You want to look at the individual sessions. That information is aggregated and you're able to see, for example, your median, your P90, and P99.” Innocent focuses on the P99 figure because “whoever is in there has had a terrible time, and that forms the basis of my investigations. I want to know why there are so many sessions in that P99, and that P99 is probably a six or seven-second load time. I want to move that to a sub-three-second.” Innocent provides a definition of P99 for new customers undergoing the journey of performance optimization. Next, Innocent asserts that decisions should be based on numbers and empirical evidence. He has found that the use of actionable data has enabled him to redesign applications and focus on the mission-critical command needed in real time. Innocent concludes: “I think the life of a developer is an interesting one. We fit in everywhere situations permit, and we definitely take different routes to develop our careers. But ultimately what we should all be concerned about is the quality of the products that I produce. This definitely reflects on my capability as a software developer. What sets me apart from the next developer is not the number of cool techniques I can do with code, it's delivering a product that actually works and what better way of knowing what works when you actually measure things. Everybody should live by the philosophy of assuming nothing, measure everything. Everything and everything should be measured.” Links from this...

In this episode of Codeish, Marcus Blankenship, a Senior Engineering Manager at Salesforce, is joined by Robert Blumen, a Lead DevOps Engineer at Salesforce. During their discussion, they take a deep dive into the theories that underpin human error and complex system failures and offer fresh perspectives on improving complex systems. Root cause analysis is the method of analyzing a failure after it occurs in an attempt to identify the cause. This method looks at the fundamental reasons that a failure occurs, particularly digging into issues such as processes, systems, designs, and chains of events. Complex system failures usually begin when a single component of the system fails, requiring nearby "nodes" (or other components in the system network) to take up the workload or obligation of the failed component. Complex system breakdowns are not limited to IT. They also exist in medicine, industrial accidents, shipping, and aeronautics. As Robert asserts: "In the case of IT, [systems breakdowns] mean people can't check their email, or can’t obtain services from a business. In other fields of medicine, maybe the patient dies, a ship capsizes, a plane crashes." The 5 WHYs The 5 WHYs root cause analysis is about truly getting to the bottom of a problem by asking “why” five levels deep. Using this method often uncovers an unexpected internal or process-related problem. Accident investigation can represent both simple and complex systems. Robert explains, "Simple systems are like five dominoes that have a knock-on effort. By comparison, complex systems have a large number of heterogeneous pieces. And the interaction between the pieces is also quite complex. If you have N pieces, you could have N squared connections between them and an IT system." He further explains, "You can lose a server, but if you're properly configured to have retries, your next level upstream should be able to find a different service. That's a pretty complex interaction that you've set up to avoid an outage." In the case of a complex system, generally, there is not a single root cause for the failure. Instead, it's a combination of emergent properties that manifest themselves as the result of various system components working together, not as a property of any individual component. An example of this is the worst airline disaster in history. Two 747 planes were flying to Gran Canaria airport. However, the airport was closed due to an exploded bomb, and the planes were rerouted to Tenerife. The runway in Tenerife was unaccustomed to handling 747s. Inadequate radars and fog compounded a combination of human errors such as misheard commands. Two planes tried to take off at the same time and collided with each other in the air. Robert talks about Dr. Cook, who wrote about the dual role of operators. "The dual role is the need to preserve the operation of the system and the health of the business. Everything an operator does is with those two objectives in mind." They must take calculated risks to preserve outputs, but this is rarely recognized or complemented. Another component of complex systems is that they are in a perpetual state of partially broken. You don't necessarily discover this until an outage occurs. Only through the post-mortem process do you realize there was a failure. Humans are imperfect beings and are naturally prone to making errors. And when we are given responsibilities, there is always the chance for error. What's a more useful way of thinking about the causes of failures in a complex system? Robert gives the example of a tree structure or AC graph showing one node at the edge, representing the outage or incident. If you step back one layer, you might not ask what is the cause, but rather what were contributing causes? In this manner, you might find multiple contributing factors that interconnect as more nodes grow. With this understanding, you can then look at the system and say, "Well, where are the things that we want to...

Karan Gupta, Senior Vice President of Engineering, Shift Technologies joins host Marcus Blankenship, Senior Manager Software Engineering, Heroku in this week's episode. Karan shared his career trajectory, which includes founding aliceapp.ai, a fast, privacy-first recording and transcription service for investigative journalism, and acting as an advisor for various companies, including Alphy, a platform for women's career advancement. A concept important to Karan is pragmatic engineering. Pragmatic engineering is about having "an oversized impact on the business by applying the right technology at the right time". It's about the technology, the process of creating that technology, and its impact on the underlying business. For example, building an electric car is cool, but producing a version in which people feel safe? That's engineering that changes the world forever. According to Karan, these are the key things that matter in development: Fast-ness (speed) Function (capabilities provided) Form (how it looks and feels) Fabrication (how it is built on the inside) He recalls the value of the snake game on 404 pages. And the value of intentionality, saying "once you add a feature, it's probably going to be there forever. It's probably going to need maintenance and love and care forever. So do we really want to put it in?" He talks about design and the balance between form versus function, such as designing something aesthetically pleasing versus easy to use. Then, there's fabrication: "How well can we make it? Can we deliver it quickly? And can others maintain it?" Sometimes using off-the-shelf software and well-proven frameworks are the most effective, and "Perfect is the enemy of good enough." Karan stresses the importance of being a learning organization. "Be open to picking up what's out there to help make more informed choices, especially if the choice is to stick with the tried and tested." Good engineers are always open to learning about what new things are coming out and open to different opinions, frameworks, and ways of thinking. Links from this episode Shift TechnologiesAlphyAliceApp

This episode features a conversation between Robert Blumen, DevOps engineer at Salesforce, and Matthew Myers, principal public key interface (PKI) engineer at Salesforce. Matthew shares his experience running a certification authority (CA) within the Salesforce enterprise. He shares the rationale for the decision to take CA in-house, explaining that becoming a certificate authority means you can become the master of your universe by establishing internal trust. A private or in-house CA can act in ways not dissimilar to a PKU but can issue its own certificates, trusted only by internal users and systems. Using a public certificate authority can be expensive at scale, particularly for enterprises with millions (or even billions) of certificates. However, an enterprise CA can be an important cost-saving measure. It adds a granular level of control in certificate issuing, such as naming conventions and the overall lifecycle. You can effectively have as many CAs as you can afford to maintain as well as the ability to separate them by use case and environment. Further, having the ability to control access to data and to verify the identities of people, systems, and devices in-house removes the cybersecurity challenges such as the recent SolarWinds supply chain attack. Matthew notes that Information within a PKI is potentially insecure “as the information gets disclosed to the internet and printed on the actual certificates which leave them vulnerable to experienced hackers.” Matthews shares the importance of onboarding and people management and the need to ensure staff doesn’t buy SSL certificates externally. Myerss offers some thoughts for businesses considering the DIY route discussing the advantages and limitations of open source resources such as OpenSSL and Let's Encrypt. Identity mapping and tracking are particularly important as you’re giving certificates to people, systems, and services that will eventually expire. Matthew shares the benefits of a central identity store, its core features, and how it works in tandem with PKI infrastructure. There’s also the need to know how many certificates you have in the wild at any given time. As a manager, the revocation infrastructure for PKI implementation means that you're inserting yourself in the middle of every single deal, because if you’re doing it correctly everything needs to validate that the certificates are genuine. When you have a real possibility of slowing down others’ connections, you want to ensure that your supporting infrastructure is positioned in such a way that you are providing those responses as quickly as possible. Network latency becomes a very real thing. Auditability and the ability to trust a certificate authority are paramount. The service that creates and maintains a PKI should provide records of its development and usage so that an auditor or third party can evaluate it. Links from this episode Salesforce Wikipedia page on Public Key Infrastructure Wikipedia page on Certificate Authorities OpenSSL Let’s Encrypt

This episode is a conversation between Heroku developer advocate, Chris Castle and James Dong, developer and owner of Last Minute Gear. The business enables San Francisco residents to buy, rent, and borrow clothing and outdoor gear for activities such as camping, snow sports, and climbing. During the early days of the pandemic, the business was forced to close to comply with shelter-in-place regulations. There was an outpouring of support for small businesses, but not everyone has a Venmo account or wants to donate to a GoFundMe appeal. While many used the pandemic to catch up on Netflix and banana bread baking, James spent a day coding a website and platform where businesses could sell gift cards. It not only helped his own anxiety and insomnia but helped brick-and-mortar businesses like gyms and restaurants (and his own shop) to still earn revenue. It allowed customers to purchase gift cards to be remunerated once businesses reopened. While other platforms with this functionality already existed, James’ project included business-critical functions, such as processing payments and gift cards. James talks about his experiences of anxiety and insomnia which acted as catalysts in making his website operational in just one day. Support from Stripe and Heroku meant there were no fees—all money generated went to the businesses. The conversation offers interesting insights into the value of using a decision logger to document ideas and milestones as well as notes and commit messages to explain why particular decisions were made at certain points in time. It’s also a great example of what can happen when developers build projects that help others in need. Links from this episode Last minute gearGift Cards for Small Businesses

This episode is a conversation led by Greg Nokes, a Product Manager with Salesforce, Dan Mehlman, a Director of Technical Architecture for Salesforce, Mike Rose, a Director of Technical Architecture for Salesforce, Jack Ziesing, a Technical Architect with Salesforce. They're interviewing Nick Sawhney, a college student who saw an opportunity to make his friends laugh and built something that grew beyond his wildest dreams. At the 2021 US Inauguration, a single shot of Bernie Sanders sitting in a chair captured the hearts of many on the Internet. People everywhere were photoshopping him in the unlikeliest of places. Nick utilized his Python skills and quickly built a Heroku app that would allow users to place Bernie anywhere in the world, by adding him to any image available on Google Street View. To say the app was a success was an understatement. Inundated by tweets and distracted by press requests, Nick couldn't devote the time needed to keep the app stable and operational. He sent out a desperate tweet for help, only to be picked up by no less than Dan and Michael, who recruited Jack to help Nick with his operational issues. They paired together in a number of ways, optimizing Jack's Python code, securing its authentication logic, and autoscaling dynos in order to handle the waves of traffic. All of these rapid changes allowed Nick to step back and engage with fans on where they'd like to take Bernie next. In addition to a newfound gratitude towards Heroku's team, Nick learned a few lessons from this experience. He was really humbled by the availability of the engineering community to donate their time and knowledge to help his issues. It's also inspired him to create videos to teach others how they can mitigate scaling issues in their architecture before it becomes a problem. He's also hoping to create some open source tools that to monitor things like server costs and availability issues for other small projects.

Chris Castle, a developer advocate at Heroku, is joined in conversation with Andrew Lenards, a 20-year programming veteran and meditation coach. He believes that meditation is the practice of familiarizing one's mind with its various states. Concentration is the ability to place attention on something for as long as desired. Clarity is about identifying the sensory experiences in your body. Equanimity is about accepting the state of the world around you. In programming terms, mindfulness becomes a sort of monitoring and observability tool for our bodies. Andrew suggests that curious listeners focus their attention on sourcing materials from secular sources. As well,the benefits of meditation can only come after quite a bit of time. The inclination of most starting practitioners is to quit before investing to see the benefits. Even if you feel like you're doing it "wrong" or feeling your mind get distracted, the core tenant of the practice is to not judge yourself. This in turn will help bring about the calmness which meditation can offer. Links from this episode "The Mind Explained"Niksendoing nothingMindfulness-based Stress Reduction"The Art of Noticing"Search Inside Yourself“99% Invisible” podcastlenards.usAfternoon IdleHeadspaceCalmTen Percent Happier

Nowadays, the internet is so huge that it can be hard for people to find others who share their niche interests. But when they do find that rare kindred spirit, it can feel like a magical moment. Lynn Fisher and design agency &yet have been exploring ways to help people build community around their passions (which can sometimes be a little “weird”). The team launched a project called “Find Your Weirdos” that incorporates different tools, sites, and techniques for helping people connect with their fellow weirdos. Their project also helps companies connect with customers through niche interests. Inspired by the Weirdos project, the &yet team envisioned ways to help Heroku developers connect — and the Wicked CoolKit was born. The kit harkens back to the earlier days of the internet, when simple, fun web widgets and tools helped people connect without all the noise of today’s mega social platforms. The initial version of the kit offers a new take on a few nostalgic web widgets, including: Developer trading cards — Echoing the retro joy of collecting baseball cards or playing card-based games, this widget allows developers to create their own profile card. They can specify their personal bio, coding skills, niche interests, “feats of strength,” and more, and share it within an elegantly designed UI. Themed stickers — A perennial favorite, stickers are a colorful way to identify interests, such as baking or woodworking. Users can download stickers to use as they wish, or add a sticker to their trading card that links to other people’s cards that have the same sticker. Webring — Years ago, fans and friends would use a webring to share a collection of websites dedicated to a specific topic. The kit brings the old school webring into the modern context and allows people to easily share and access web resources. Hit counter — Everyone wants to know how many visitors came to their site. The old-fashioned hit counter is a fun way to track and display page visits. The higher the number, the more likely people will want to engage with the site (and the developer behind it). The Wicked CoolKit is fully open source and available to use. Links from this episode Lynnandtonic.comwickedcoolkit.comShow, don’t tellFind.yourweirdos.comFace.campWegotchu.cards

Corey Martin leads the discussion with two developers about production incidents they were personally involved in. Their goal is to inform listeners on how they discovered these issues, how they resolved them, and what they learned along the way. Ifat Ribon is a Senior Developer at LaunchPad Lab, a web and mobile application development agency headquartered in Chicago. For one of their clients, they developed an application to assist with the scheduling of janitorial services. It was built with a fairly simple Ruby on Rails backend, leveraging Sidekiq to process background jobs. As part of its feature set, the app would send text messages to let employees know their schedule for the week; these schedules were assembled by querying the database several times, fetching frequencies and availabilities of workers. Unfortunately, a client noticed a discrepancy between how many notices were being sent out, versus how many jobs they knew they had: of the 400 jobs total, only 150 had notifications. It turned out that all of the available database connections were being exhausted--but that was only half of the issue. Sidekiq was attempting to process far too many jobs at once, and each of these jobs were responsible for connecting to the database, exhausting the available pool. The solution Ifat settled on was to reduce the number of parallel jobs processed while increasing the number of connections to the database. From this experience, she also learned the importance of understanding how all these different systems interconnect. Christopher Ostrowski is Chief Technology Officer at Dutchie an e-commerce platform for the cannabis industry. One Christmas Eve, while celebrating with his family, Chris began receiving pager notifications warning him about some sluggish API response times. Since it didn't really have any significant end user impact, he ignored it and went back to the festivities. As the night went on, the warnings became significant alerts, and he pulled together a response team with colleagues to figure out what was going on. By all accounts, the website was functioning, but curiously, the rate of orders began to drop off. Through some investigation, they realized what was going on. Customers' order numbers were assigned a random, non-sequential six digit numbers. Dutchie was about to track its one-millionth order, a huge milestone. Before any orders are created, though, the app generates a six digit number, and tries to create one that doesn't already exist. The database was constantly being hit, as less and less six digit numbers were available for use. The solution ended up being rather simple: the order number limit was increased to nine digits. Although they had monitoring in place, the data was set up as an aggregate reporting; even though the "create order" API was slow, all of the others were low, keeping the average within tolerable levels. Christopher's solution to avoid this in the future was to set up more groupings for "essential" API endpoints, to alert the team sooner for latency issues on core business functionality. Links from this episode LaunchPad LabDutchie

Rick Newman is a Director of Engineering at Salesforce Heroku. He's joined by Marco Faella, a professor of advanced programming and author of "Seriously Good Software." In Marco's view, there are of course several ways ways to characterize "good" software. Excellent software that goes above and beyond correct functionality includes code that is readable, robust, and performant. Each of these have different importance, depending on context. Robust software, for example, includes addressing issues with scalability, but only if one expects the software to be in such a high availability environment. It's important to address these requirements from the beginning, when the software architecture is being mapped out. Marco gives the example of developing software for an external client. This client might know all the business logic and how it ought to function, but addressing the code's future evolution and maintenance are just as important, and whose responsibility lands squarely in the hands of the developer. It can also be worthwhile to make an investment in education, learning about algorithms, data access, and other key concepts in the world of computer science. Such a foundation would allow one to adapt to the changing conditions of programming, whether those are caused by new hardware or modifications in the languages themselves. Links from this episode Seriously Good Software

Host Greg Nokes is a distinguished technical architect with Heroku. His guests are Alli McGee, a product manager, and Lewis Buckley, a senior application engineer, from BiggerPockets. BiggerPockets was founded 16 years ago to educate non-professionals about real estate investing. As a self-funded company, it’s critical for BiggerPockets to create products that customers will pay for. One way they achieve this product/market fit is by building cross-functional teams that are user-focused. All product teams have a project manager, tech lead, and designer that work closely together. This design-led approach allows teams to collaborate with representation from users, technology, and design. As the PM on one of these teams, Alli lives at the intersection of what can we do for business, what can we do from a technology perspective, and what can we do for the user. She advocates for the customer, bringing knowledge of what customers want, what problems they are facing, and how they have interacted with prototypes in usability studies. Alli also advocates for the business to be sure products make money. Finally, Alli advocates for developers to make sure the project is technically feasible and won’t cause technical debt. Another way BiggerPockets creates market fit is by creating Minimum Lovable Products—the smallest cheapest thing they can build that people love. With their current product, BP Insights, Alli and Lewis used this strategy to create the first iteration of a product that provides insight into local real estate markets. They then tested the product with users, iterated, and slowly built out a more fully formed offering. For their tech stack, BiggerPockets is built on a Ruby on Rails monolith. While some in the industry say Ruby on Rails’ time is over, Lewis argues that it has been a great choice, as using a well-known stack has allowed them to worry less about the technology and focus more on building value for users. The BP Insights product was built on this monolith using a massive data set of nearly every property in the US. BiggerPockets imported the data to an Amazon S3 bucket and eventually copied the data to Amazon Redshift for querying. Links from this episode BiggerPockets

Robert Blumen is a DevOps engineer with Salesforce, and he's joined in conversation with Andrzej Ludwikowski, a software architect at SoftwareMill, a Scala development shop. Andrzej is introducing listeners to the concept of event sourcing against the more traditional pattern of CRUD, which stands for create-read-update-delete. CRUD systems are everywhere, and are most typically associated with SQL databases. In comparison, event sourcing is a simply a sequential list of every single action which occurred on a system. Whereas in a database, a row may be updated, erasing the previous data in a column, and event source system would have the old data kept indefinitely, and simply record a new action indicating that the data was updated. In a certain sense, you can get the state of your system at any point in time. Each architectural pattern has its pros and cons. For one, an event source system can make it easier to track down bugs. If a customer notes an issue an production, rather than pouring through logs, developers can simply "rewind" the state of the application back to some earlier event and see if the faulty behavior is still there. On the flip side, since the event stream is immutable, fixes to previous data needs to be made at the end of the stream. You can modify old events or insert new ones into the flow. CQRS, or Command Query Responsibility Segregation, builds on top of event sourcing. The idea is to separate the part of the application responsible for handling commands and writes from the part responsible for handling queries and reads. This separation is not only on a software level (different repositories and different deployments), but also on the hardware level ( different hosts and different databases). The motivation for this is to be able to scale each part independently. Maybe your app has more writes than reads, and thus requires different computing power. It allows for a separation of concerns, and can make overall operations more efficient, albeit at a complexity cost. Andrzej is quick to note that event sourcing and CQRS divisions are not necessary for every application. Teams, as always, need to understand how the data flows in their application and which architectural pattern is most efficient for the problems they are trying to solve. Links from this episode SoftwareMillMartin Fowler gives a brief run-down on event sourcingSoftwareMill blogentry-level event sourcingkeeping your domain clean in Event Sourcingbest serialization strategy for Event SourcingCQRS.nuAndrzej Ludwikowski's web siteEvent Sourcing: What could go wrong?

Luke Kysow is a software engineer at HashiCorp, and he's in conversation with host Robert Blumen. The subject of their discussion is on the idea of a service mesh. As software architecture moved towards microservices, several reusable pieces of code needed to be configured for each application. On a macro scale, load balancers need to be configuring to control where packets are flowing; on a micro level, things like authorization and rate limiting for data access need to be set up for each...

Rick Newman interviews Mikolaj Pawlikowski, who recently wrote a book called "Chaos Engineering: Crash test your applications." The theory behind chaos engineering is to "break things on purpose" in your operational flow. You want to deliberately inject failures that might occur in production ahead of time, in order to anticipate them, and thus implement workarounds and corrections. Typically, this practice is often used for large, distributed systems, because of the many points of failure, but it can be useful in any architecture. One of the obstacles to embracing chaos engineering is finding high level approval from other teammates, or even managers. Even after the feature is a complete and the unit tests are passing, it can be difficult to convince someone that some resiliency work needs to continue, because there's no visible or tangible benefit to preparing for a disaster. Mikolaj suggests that people clearly lay out to other colleagues the ways a system can fail, and the impact it can have on the application or business. Rather than try to fear monger, it can be useful to point to other companies' availability issues as words of caution for their teams to embrace. Mikolaj also says that chaos engineering doesn't need to focus solely on complicated problems like race conditions across distributed systems. Often, there's enough low hanging fruit, such as disk space running out or an API timing out, that can be useful to consider fixing. The chaos engineering mindset can also extend beyond pure software. If you think about people working across different timezones as a distributed system, you can also optimize for failures in communication before they occur. Everyone works at a different pace, and communication issues can be analogous to a network loss. Rather than fix miscommunications after they occur, establishing shared practices (like writing down every meeting, or setting up playbooks) can go a long way to ensuring that everyone will be able to do their best under changing circumstances. Links from this episode Chaos Engineering: Crash test your applicationspowerfulsealChaos Engineering NewsletterConf42ChaosConfAwesome Chaos Engineering

Robert Blumen is a DevOps Engineer at Salesforce, joined by Ev Haus, Head of Technology at ZenHub. Together, they're going over a critique over several methodologies when writing code as part of a large team. First, there's DRY, which stands for Don't Repeat Yourself. It's the idea that one should avoid copy-pasting or duplicating lines of could, in favor of abstracting as much repeated functionality as possible. Then, there's DAMP, or Don't Abstract Methods Prematurely, which is somewhat in...

Host Joe Kutner is an architect working at Salesforce, and his guest is Cornelia Davis, the CTO of Weaveworks, a platform for infrastructures. Cornelia argues that most companies building complex web-based applications are doing so without fully understanding the unique operational challenges of that environment. Even several well-known patterns, such as adding circuit breakers or retry patterns, are not standardized across the industry, and certainly not across languages, let alone in frameworks and other easily consumable dependencies. In many cases, there are over reliances on infrastructure availability that only become obvious once a problem occurs. Cornelia gives the example of a massive AWS outage that occurred several years ago. For many companies lacking redundancy contingencies, their applications were offline for hours, through no fault of their own. Another potential conflict between operational patterns and software design emerges around container-based lifecycles. If you have a new application configuration that you want to deploy, Kubernetes, which is designed to be stateless, encourages you to simply get rid of a pod and start up a new one. But it's entirely possible that there's some running code that doesn't know how to pick up these new changes, or even a service which can't recover from unexpected downtime. Considering these issues is the difference between running the cloud and being truly cloud native. To the industry's credit, Cornelia does see more platforms and frameworks adopting these patterns, so that teams don't need to write their own bespoke solution. However, it's still necessary for software developers and operational engineers to know the features of these platforms and to enable the ones which make the most sense for their application. There is no "one size fits all" solution. As the paradigms mature, so too does one's knowledge of the interconnected pieces need to grow, to prevent unnecessary errors. Links from this episode twelve-factor appCloud Native Patterns

Hailey Walls is a Customer Solutions Architect with Heroku, and she's engaged in a conversation with Paul Orland, the founder of Tachyus and author of Math for Programmers. Paul took graduate level math classes, and even ended up with a Master's degree in Physics, but even he admits that he comes down with his own kind of math anxiety. Now, he works as a programmer, building predictive models, but he encounters many engineers who don't have a basic understanding of fundamental math concepts, like calculus or linear algebra. Seeking to rectify this, he wrote a book called Math for Programmers, which methodically explains mathematical concepts using real-world examples. He hopes to be able to teach math to many more people. Paul emphasizes that, although thinking of mathematics can be intimidating, it's not different than working on any other skill. If you decide to go weight lifting, you start with a 10 pound weight, then a 15 pound one, and on and on. Similarly, with math, if you train on problems that are simpler, future problems will build upon the techniques you've honed. The appeal for gaining math skills is almost analogous to that of programming: there is always a right and final answer. Just as a compiler determines how a program works and whether a syntax is valid, taking in input and producing output, so too is math deterministic. Fundamentally, better mental acuity with math can help teach you how to consider the behaviors of complicated systems. For people interested in studying math more closely, Paul advises students to not be discouraged by problems which appear hard. It can be best to pick a problem that you are naturally interested in, which will lead to a general willingness to try and solve it. Similarly, he'll also take a math concept and turn it into a program, which has helped him reason about flow and patterns much more clearly in the past. Links from this episode TachyusMath for Programmers