The Future of Everything

With TikTok in the hands of 170 million Americans, cybersecurity expert Amy Zegart says it’s time to talk about consequences. Foreign access to all that data on so many Americans is a national security threat, she asserts. For those as concerned as she, Zegart has good news and bad. The government has gotten better at fighting cyberthreats, but artificial intelligence is making things very complicated, very fast. The US needs to adapt quickly to keep pace, Zegart tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Episode Reference Links: Amy Zegart's Stanford ProfileWebsiteHow Vulnerable Are We to Cyber Attacks?Connect With Us: The Future of Everything WebsiteThreads Twitter/XTwitter/XChapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Host Russ Altman introduces guest Amy Zegart, a cybersecurity expert from Stanford University. (00:02:37) Government and Cybersecurity Speeds How AI has changed the pace at which both government and cyber attackers operate, and the evolving dynamics of cybersecurity efforts. (00:04:12) Corporate Cybersecurity The unexpected role of the SEC in regulating corporate cybersecurity efforts and how the cyber attack surface has expanded beyond traditional big industries (00:07:30) Global Cyber Threats and Preparedness Insights into the strategic use of cyber operations by other countries, and the multifaceted nature of international cyber relations. (00:09:13) Cyber Dynamics in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict The cyber aspects of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and its implications for global cybersecurity strategies. (00:11:35) Misinformation and Disinformation Dynamics The difference between misinformation and disinformation, their impacts on society and the challenges in combating them. (00:15:04) TikTok and National Security Risks associated with TikTok as a platform controlled by Chinese interests, discussing data privacy and potential for foreign influence. (00:20:11) Corporate Power in AI and National Security The role of corporations in national security through their control over AI, and the challenges this poses for regulation and innovation. (00:22:47) Learning from Cybersecurity to Manage AI Risks Lessons from cybersecurity that could help manage emerging AI risks, highlighting the need for developing independent AI research capacities. (00:26:44) European Regulation and Global AI Safety The European approach to AI regulation and data protection, advocating for international AI safety norms and collaborative efforts. (00:29:21) AI's Role in Enhancing Intelligence How AI can transform intelligence services, and advancements that could lead to significant efficiency gains in national security. (00:31:23) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

A best of episode where Russ interviews one of his bioengineering colleagues, Fan Yang, about some of the fascinating work she’s doing in the realm of tissue engineering. Hear more about the ways her lab is modeling human tissue to help develop a better understanding of how we might effectively replace damaged tissues and alleviate a number of health concerns. Episode Reference Links: WebsiteWebsiteWebsiteYouTube Connect With Us: The Future of Everything WebsiteThreads Twitter/XTwitter/XChapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Host Russ Altman introduces guest Fan Yang, a bioengineer at Stanford. (00:03:15) The Basics of Tissue Engineering The purpose and significance of tissue engineering, emphasizing its role in addressing critical medical needs like late-stage arthritis. (00:04:23) Challenges in Tissue Engineering Technical hurdles in creating viable tissues for clinical use, such as integrating these tissues into the human body. (00:07:00) 3D Printing and In Situ Polymerization Technological advances in shaping tissues using 3D printing and the benefits of in situ polymerization to adapt to complex tissue shapes. (00:09:15) Specific Challenges with Cartilage The challenges specific to cartilage regeneration, explaining why it has been a difficult tissue to replicate and heal. (00:13:56) Micro Ribbon Based Hydrogels Explanation of micro ribbon based hydrogels, a new development aimed at improving tissue regeneration. (00:19:16) Cancer Research and Tissue Engineering How tissue engineering technologies are not only pivotal for therapeutic uses but also crucial for understanding diseases and aiding drug discovery. (00:24:38) Regulatory Challenges and Commercialization The regulatory and commercialization challenges facing new medical technologies, including the need for industry partnerships and the role of the FDA (00:26:20) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

A best of episode where Russ interviews computer scientist and electrical engineer, Dorsa Sadigh. They had a fantastic conversation about the work she’s doing to train robots to better understand humans, and as she shares, it turns out that one key to this work is better understanding human behavior. If you’re curious about how we’re going to make human-robot interaction work, this is a great episode to tune into again. Enjoy. Episode Reference Links: WebsiteStanford ProfileYouTubeWebsiteConnect With Us: The Future of Everything WebsiteThreads Twitter/XTwitter/XChapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Host Russ Altman introduces guest Professor Dorsa Sadigh, a computer scientist and electrical engineer at Stanford. (00:02:24) Bridging Robotics and Human Psychology The journey from focusing solely on robotics to incorporating human behavioural insights to enhance robot design and functionality. (00:05:31) Blending Cognitive Science and Robotics The integration of cognitive science with robotics to build better computational models of human behaviour. (00:07:35) Addressing Suboptimal Human Decision Making Exploring human decision-making biases and their impact on robot interaction, with focus on bounded rationality and prospect theory. (00:10:39) Robot Adaptations to Human Imperfections How robots can adapt to human imperfections in collaborative tasks, using theories from behavioural economics. (00:14:57) Training Robots and Humans for Better Interaction Strategies for teaching both humans and robots to improve their interactions, including active teaching and understanding each other’s capabilities. (00:18:41) Partner Modelling in Robotics Insights into partner modelling in robotics, demonstrated through a scalable model in an air hockey game setup. (00:21:54) Complex Multi-Agent Interactions Addressing the dynamics of multi-agent systems like traffic, where autonomous and human-driven vehicles interact. (00:24:11) Robots in Healthcare The role of robots in healthcare, particularly in assistive technologies, and the challenges and advancements in this area. (00:26:26) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

We’re bringing back an episode about trust and AI. In a world where the use of Artificial Intelligence is exploding, guest computer scientist Carlos Guestrin shares insights from the work he’s doing to support the development of trust between humans and machines. We originally recorded this episode in 2022, but the insights are just as if not more relevant today. We hope you’ll take another listen and enjoy. Episode Reference Links: Carlos Ernesto GuestrinCarlos GuestrinMeasuring Patients' Trust In Physicians When Assessing Quality Of CareAdding Glycemic And Physical Activity Metrics To A Multimodal Algorithm-Enabled Decision-Support Tool For Type 1 Diabetes Care XGBoost DocumentationYouTubeWebsiteConnect With Us: The Future of Everything WebsiteThreads Twitter/XTwitter/XChapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces the episode with guest Carlos Guestrin, a professor of computer science at Stanford, whose focus is bringing AI into broader use. (00:02:58) Current Status of AI The current capabilities of AI and machine learning and the widespread use and integration of these technologies. (00:05:44) Deep Dive into Trust and AI Three core components of trust in AI and how these factors influence the adoption and efficacy of AI systems. (00:09:43) Technical Challenges in Implementing Trust The challenges of translating the abstract concepts of trust into practical, implementable AI features. (00:14:32) Enhancing AI Transparency and Generalization Methods to improve AI’s generalisation capabilities and transparency. (00:18:00) The Role of Open-Source in AI Development The impact of open-source software on the AI field, highlighting the benefits of shared knowledge and collaborative advancements. (00:22:34) AI in Healthcare Healthcare and the use of AI in enhancing data-driven decisions in medical treatments. (00:27:11) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Guest Anna Lembke is a psychiatrist and a specialist in the behavioral sciences who studies addiction. While there is tremendous variety in the things people can be addicted to, all forms are tied to dopamine, a biochemical that is key to human senses of pleasure, reward, and motivation. She says that new treatments are combining traditional abstinence with programs that help patients reenergize dopamine centers in the brain through physical exercise, which is a known producer of dopamine. If patients can reach 30 days of abstinence there is a good chance at recovery, Lembke tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Episode Reference Links: Anna Lembke's Stanford ProfileAnna Lembke's WebsiteHow do we fight the disease of addiction?Connect With Us: The Future of Everything WebsiteThreads Twitter/XTwitter/XChapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Host Russ Altman introduces guest Professor Anna Lembke, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University, and an expert on addiction. (00:02:27) The Personal Nature of Addiction Professor Lembke shares a personal story of addiction to romance novels, providing insight into how seemingly benign habits can become harmful addictions. (00:06:02) The Brain Chemistry of Addiction What happens in the brain during addiction, including dopamine's role in pleasure, reward, and the process of becoming addicted. (00:11:10) Addressing Addiction in Healthcare How the medical community has evolved in recognizing and treating addiction, partly due to the opioid epidemic. (00:13:23) Strategies for Managing and Treating Addiction Treatment approaches for addiction, including the concept of hormesis, and how engaging in challenging physical activities can help manage addictive behaviors. (00:17:31) Treatment and Recovery from Addiction Professor Lembke’s own experience with overcoming her addiction through self-intervention and “dopamine fasting”. (00:22:05) The Addictive Personality and Genetic Vulnerabilities The concept of an "addictive personality," genetic predispositions to addiction, and how these factors play into the challenge of treating and managing addiction. (00:23:29) The Opioid Epidemic: Insights and Challenges An update on the opioid epidemic, the rise of fentanyl, and the ongoing challenges in addressing opioid addiction. (00:29:08) The Future of Addiction The broader context of addiction in society, emphasizing the importance of addressing addiction to digital media and other non-substance-related addictions (00:29:57) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Humans and computers making music together, it’s the best of both worlds. Ge Wang is a professor of music, a computer scientist, and director of the Stanford Laptop Orchestra – an orchestra in which human musicians and computers collaborate to make music. “I once thought computer music was abstract and inaccessible, but it can be very playful, too,” he says. Humans and computers making music together, it’s the best of both worlds, Wang tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Episode Reference Links: Ge Wang's Stanford ProfileGe Wang's Personal WebsiteStanford Laptop OrchestraChucKArtful Design: Technology in Search of the SublimeArtful Design | Pi-shaped PersonArtful Design | OcarinaScott A. Lindroth Perry R. CookConnect With Us: The Future of Everything WebsiteThreads Twitter/XTwitter/XChapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Host Russ Altman introduces guest Professor Ge Wang and his work around the intersection of AI, computer science, and music. (00:02:48) Early Inspirations and Merging Music with Technology Ge Wang shares his early experiences with music and computers, leading to his unique career path combining both passions. (00:07:42) Developing Musical Tools and Instruments Significance of playfulness in merging music with computer science, illustrated by projects like the Ocarina app and the Stanford Laptop Orchestra. (00:13:27) The Role and Impact of AI in Music The evolution of AI in music, with deeper questions about AI's role and the value of human creativity. (00:18:28) Music, AI, and Future Generations The future of music and AI in the context of a parent, and the cultural dimensions and values that will shape the use of technology in art. (00:20:19) Ethical and Cultural Concerns of AI in Music Ethical dilemmas and cultural implications of using AI in music, copyright issues and the potential for generic AI-generated content. (00:25:09) Rethinking the Role of AI in the Creative Process AI’s role in creativity, the value of the creative process over the mere output, and the potential for AI to enrich rather than replace human creativity. (00:29:32) The Concept of a Pi-Shaped Person The "Pi-Shaped Person," with emphasis on the importance of disciplinary expertise, domain knowledge, and an aesthetic lens. (00:33:52) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Laura Simons is a clinical psychologist and an authority on pain, particularly chronic pain in childhood, which is much more common than widely understood. Most people don't even think chronic pain happens in children, says Simons. The consequences, however, are serious, ranging from learning gaps from missed school to social isolation and even depression. Better treatment begins with a better understanding of the science of pain, as Simons tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Episode Reference Links: Laura Simons | Stanford MedicineInternational Association for the Study of Pain | IASPBeth DarnallEmpowered ReliefTrainPainConnect With Us: The Future of Everything WebsiteThreads Twitter/XTwitter/XChapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Host Russ Altman introduces guest Laura Simons and her research on chronic childhood pain. (00:02:34) Understanding the Scope and Causes of Childhood Chronic Pain Common forms of childhood pain, its underlying causes, and the impact of unrecognized chronic conditions. (00:05:08) Diagnostic Challenges and Family Dynamics The difficulties in diagnosing chronic pain in children and adolescents, and the role of family in recognizing and managing a child's chronic pain. (00:07:38) The Impact of Chronic Pain on Children's Lives How chronic pain affects children's daily lives, from school attendance and social interactions to the broader family impact. (00:10:15) Transitioning from Adolescent to Adult Pain Management The challenges young people face as they move from pediatric to adult pain management systems and the importance of tailored transitional programs. (00:12:07) Treatment Approaches and Innovations Treatment strategies for childhood chronic pain, emphasizing non-pharmacological approaches such as behavioral interventions and physical therapy. (00:19:14) Empowered Relief Program and Its Adaptation for Teens The Empowered Relief program, adapted for teens, focusing on pain science education and the development of coping strategies. (00:23:48) Exploring Virtual Reality and Sensory Retraining Techniques Advanced treatment methods, including the use of virtual reality to enhance physical therapy and sensory retraining techniques to manage pain sensitivity. (00:28:57) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Guest Olivier Gevaert is an expert in multi-modal biomedical data modeling and recently developed new methods in the new science of “spatial transcriptomics” that are able to predict how cancer cells present spatially and will behave in the future. Tumors are not monolithic, he says, but made up of various cell types. Spatial transcriptomics measures cells in the undisturbed organization of the tumor itself and enables a more detailed study of tumors. This new technology can be used to determine what type of cells are present spatially and how each cell influences neighboring cells. It paints a picture of tumor heterogeneity, Gevaert tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Episode Reference Links: Standford ProfileResearch LabThe Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA)Connect With Us: The Future of Everything WebsiteThreads Twitter/XTwitter/XChapters: (00:00:00) Introduction to Olivier Gavaert His work in the advancement of spatial transcriptomics technologies. (00:02:52) The Basics of Transcriptomics Transcriptomics’ significance in identifying active genes in cancer cells and the technological advancements enabling this research. (00:05:34) Heterogeneity and Cell interaction in Cancer Heterogeneity within cancer cells and the importance of analyzing the interactions between various cell types to develop treatments. (00:07:19) Advancements in Brain Cancer Research Recent studies on brain cancer using spatial omics techniques to understand tumor cell types and their spatial organization for prognosis prediction. (00:10:53) AI and Whole Slide Imaging in Oncology How AI and machine learning are combined with whole slide imaging to enhance data resolution and interpret spatial transcriptomic data. (00:14:49) Enhancing Pathology with AI Integrating AI with pathology to improve cancer diagnosis and treatment by analyzing whole slide images and predicting cell types. (00:18:40) Multimodal Data Fusion in Cancer Treatment Importance of combining different data modalities to create comprehensive models for personalized cancer treatment. (00:24:49) The Future of Synthetic Data and Digital Twins Synthetic data and digital twins in oncology, and how these technologies can simulate treatment outcomes and support personalized medicine. (00:29:16) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Rebecca Silverman is an expert in how humans learn to read. It’s a complex process, she says. First we must connect letters and sounds to decode words in texts. Researchers know a lot about the decoding process and how to teach it. But, beyond that, we must also comprehend what the words in texts are conveying. Comprehension is complex, and researchers know much less about the comprehension process and how to teach it, Silverman tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Episode Reference Links: Language to Literacy LabConnect With Us: The Future of Everything WebsiteThreads Twitter/XTwitter/XChapters: (00:00:00) Introduction to Reading Challenges Host Russ Altman introduces guest Rebecca Sliverman and her research into the complexities of reading. (00:03:53) Decoding vs. Comprehension The breakdown of reading into decoding and comprehension, the challenges associated with each, and the lifelong process of improving these skills. (00:07:18) Variability in Learning to Read How children learn to read, including the impacts of linguistic comprehension, memory and socio-emotional contexts. (00:09:55) Cross-Cultural Differences in Reading The variability of reading acquisition across languages and cultures, highlighting the components of reading that vary in their developmental trajectory. (00:11:35) Research Challenges and Interventions in Reading Current research on the challenges of reading, particularly in identifying and supporting children with difficulties. (00:15:03) The Role of Technology in Reading The impact of technology on reading, the differences between reading on paper and digital formats, and the potential of educational technology in literacy development. (00:20:38) Importance of Family in Reading Development How families play a role in early reading, with emphasis on storytelling and culturally relevant practices. (00:23:52) Challenges for Teachers in Literacy Education Responsibilities of teachers in teaching literacy and the need for comprehensive support and training for teachers. (00:27:44) Future Directions and the Potential of AI Future research on AI in literacy education, and the importance of human oversight in technological interventions. (00:29:29) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Professor and cultural psychologist Michele Gelfand’s latest book, Rule Makers, Rule Breakers, explores notions of what she calls “tight” and “loose” cultures, and how each shapes us as individuals and the world around us. Tight cultures closely follow unwritten cultural norms, while those on the looser side have more latitude. Culture is complicated, she says, but understanding its nuances is key to understanding the world, Gelfand tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Episode Reference Links: Michele Gelfand Website / BioRule Makers, Rule Breakers: How Tight & Loose Cultures Wire Our World Mindset QuizThreat DictionaryTight-Looseness Across the 50 United StatesThe Culturally Intelligent Negotiator: The Impact on Cultural Intelligence (CQ) on Negotiation Sequences & OutcomesDifferences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: 33 Nation StudyTogether From Afar: Introducing a Diary Contact Technique for Improving Intergroup Relations Connect With Us: The Future of Everything WebsiteThreads Twitter/XTwitter/XChapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ introduces Michele Gelfand and her research on the study of culture and cultural intelligence. (00:02:33) Defining Culture A working definition of culture and the invisible impact of cultural norms, values, and beliefs. (00:03:46) The Tight-Loose Spectrum The concept of tight and loose cultures and how social norms vary across cultures. (00:06:30) Cultural Variance within and between Societies Variations of tight-loose norms at national, state, and organizational levels, and the role of threat in shaping these norms. (00:11:34) Cultural Intelligence in Global Leadership How the tight-loose spectrum and cultural studies inform leadership, and the significance of cultural intelligence (CQ) in global interactions. (00:18:59) Cultural Evolutionary Mismatch Implications for global threats and societal responses. (00:23:56) Applying Cultural Insights in Business Insights on applying cultural understanding to improve business mergers, negotiations, and the success of expatriate assignments. (00:26:09) Enhancing Cultural Intelligence Improving cultural intelligence and steps individuals can take to enhance their CQ and adapt to cultural differences. (00:28:48) Urban vs. Rural Cultural Differences Tight-loose division in politics and societal contexts, and the cultural divide between urban and rural areas. (00:31:19) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

We’re taking you into our archive of over 250 episodes to re-share an interview Russ Altman did in 2022 with Stanford Medicine Professor of Surgery, Carla Pugh. Performing surgery is profoundly complex and requires precision, dexterity and lots of practice. Dr. Pugh shares about how she’s studying the movements of skilled surgeons to better understand what makes them successful, which can in turn help to improve training for new surgeons. Episode Reference Links: Technology Enabled Clinical Improvement CenterUse of sensors to quantify procedural idle time Connect With Us: The Future of Everything WebsiteThreads Twitter/XTwitter/XChapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Host Russ Altman introduces the episode with Dr. Carla Pugh discussing her research studying the movements of surgeons to improve surgical training. (00:02:27) Dr. Carla Pugh's Research and Goals Introduction of Dr. Carla Pugh and her research utilizing sensor technology to quantify physician performance and the long-term goals of her research. (00:04:32) Wearable Sensors in Surgical Training How wearable sensors are being used, and the reaction of surgeons to being monitored. (00:06:21) Expertise Identification & Universality of Movement How idle time and motion tracking can distinguish between novice and expert surgeons & how expert surgeons exhibit similar motion patterns. (00:10:10) Expert vs. Novice Surgeon Behaviors Observed differences in speed and precision between expert and novice surgeons, & working volume. (00:12:48) Ethical Considerations The ethical considerations of measuring surgeon performance, with a focus on managing the careers of aging surgeons through data-driven decisions. (00:16:03) The Role of Robotics in Surgery The current and future roles of robots in surgery, debunking myths, setting realistic expectations & how this research can be applied. (00:20:29) Demand for Robotic Surgery and Tech Trust Patients' trust in technology and robots for surgery and the pitfalls of relying too much on the technology, using orthopedic surgery as a specific example. (00:23:07) Preserving Human Skills in Medicine Dr. Pugh elaborates the importance of capturing human surgical skills amidst the rise of automation in order to maintain a record of traditional practices. (00:24:49) Evolution of Surgical Procedures and Techniques The evolution of surgical procedures due to technological advancements, and how surgeons transition between different surgical technologies. (00:27:17) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Mark Skylar-Scott is one of the world’s foremost experts on the 3D printing of human tissue, cell by cell. It’s a field better known as bioprinting. But Skylar-Scott hopes to take things to a level most never imagined. He and his collaborators are working to bioprint an entire living, working human heart. We’re printing biology, Skylar-Scott tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Episode Reference Links: Skylar-Scott LabConnect With Us: The Future of Everything WebsiteThreads Twitter/XTwitter/XChapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Host Russ Altman introduces the episode, guest Mark Skylar-Scott and his work bioprinting the heart. (00:02:15) What is Bioprinting & Tissue Engineering? Explanation of bioprinting and its distinction from traditional 3D printing. Overview of the technology and its applications in tissue engineering and how to get the cells for this purpose. (00:06:37) Engineering the Cells of the Heart The 11 different cell types of the heart that are being created, and the steps involved in printing them, scaffolding them, and how they form tissue. (00:12:23) Building Hearts: Size and Growth Considerations The scale of bio-printed hearts, potential strategies for growth and integration, & technical challenges in controlling cell growth and development. (00:15:05) Scaling Up Cell Production The importance of scaling up cell production for efficient experimentation. Exploration of the transition from laboratory research to clinical implementation. (00:18:40) Vascularization: The Key to Functional Bioprinted Organs Critical importance of creating a comprehensive vascular network & the challenges of integrating capillaries and ensuring nutrient delivery to all cells. (00:23:00) Ethical Considerations in Bioprinting Examination of the ethical issues surrounding the use of human cells in bioprinting, focusing on consent and the potential for inequality in access due to cost. (00:26:12) The Future of Bioprinting: Timeline and Field Dynamics Projections about the timeline for the clinical application of bio-printed organs and the state of collaborative competition within the fabrication field. (00:28:28) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Cognitive scientist Michael Frank studies differences in how children and AI learn language. There is a “data gap” between the billions of words ChatGPT has to work with and the millions of words a toddler is exposed to. But, says Frank, children learn in a rich social context that supports their learning. He’s currently conducting the “BabyView Study,” where he puts cameras on young children's heads to help him understand their learning experience, as Frank tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Episode Reference Links: WordbankManyBabiesThe SAYCamBabyView StudyConnect With Us: The Future of Everything WebsiteThreads Twitter/XTwitter/XChapters: (00:00) Introduction Russ Altman, host, introduces the episode's focus on the future of language learning and guest, Michael Frank, an expert on how children acquire language (02:05) Child Vs AI Language Acquisition Child language acquisition and the comparison with AI systems like ChatGPT, the differences in language learning between humans and AI, including the vast data exposure AI systems have compared to children. (05:23) Data-driven Approaches The importance of big data in understanding language acquisition and the Wordbank database. (08:04) The Early Stages of Language Learning The universal aspects of language learning across different languages and cultures, specifically babbling and its evolution into language-specific sounds. (10:30) Exploring Multimodal Language Learning Introduction to the SAYcam project, and the BabyView study both using camera footage from children to gather multimodal information. (13:12) Social Learning and Language Acquisition Insights into how social interactions and grounded contexts facilitate children's language learning. Exploration of active learning strategies in children. (18:22) The ManyBabies Project A Global research consortium to understand child development across cultures, their first study documented infants' global preference for infant-directed speech. Michael outlines the funding challenges (21:28) Understanding Pragmatics and AI Common Sense Explanation of pragmatics in language acquisition and its importance in social cognition and inference making. The connection between pragmatic language skills in children and the challenge of instilling common sense in AI systems. (24:21) The Role of Reading in Language Learning The benefits of reading to children for language development while still recognizing diverse learning paths and early auditory learning. (27:54) Multilingualism and Early Learning Flexibility The natural ease of learning multiple languages in childhood and when and why the flexibility in language learning begins to decline. (30:35) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

We’re re-running an important episode on Alzheimer’s disease — a topic that touches many people. We still don’t have a complete understanding of the disease and that makes it hard to design effective therapies. In 2022, Russ Altman sat down with mechanical engineer Ellen Kuhl who offered a glimpse into the way she’s using computational modeling to help improve our understanding of Alzheimer’s disease. Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ introduces the episode on Alzheimer's disease, highlighting its global impact, challenges treating it, and Dr. Ellen Kuhl’s research on it. (00:02:08) The Approach and Research Methods Ellen Kuhl discusses her lab's interdisciplinary approach, and method of using existing data to create dynamic models to study the brain's lifecycle and degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. (00:03:46) Key Features of Alzheimer's Disease and Detection Biomarkers of Alzheimer's, their role in brain cell death and cognitive decline, and the possibilities for early detection methods of these protein issues. (00:07:20) How Computational Models Function How the models integrate various data points and physics principles to comprehensively understand Alzheimer's progression. (00:08:43) Spread of the Disease Exploring the mechanisms of how Alzheimer's spreads from cell to cell in the brain, and the progression through the lobes of the brain, regardless of the cause genetic or trauma induced. (00:12:33) Interdisciplinary Collaboration The challenges and benefits of working as a mechanical engineer in Alzheimer's research and the opportunities of a multidisciplinary approach. (00:14:33) Alzheimer's Drug Development Modeling a controversial Alzheimer's drug, its potential impact, and the importance of early diagnosis for effective treatment. (00:16:04) Transition to COVID Research and Modeling How the Alzheimer's model was rapidly adapated to study the spread of COVID-19, drawing parallels between brain regions and city networks. (00:18:38) Covid Modeling Learnings and Applications How their COVID models highlighted the importance of asymptomatic transmission and helped governments with reopening strategies. (00:20:24) Responsible Model Application The rampant and at times irresponsible use of models during the pandemic, and metrics for measuring credibility of models (00:23:59) COVID Data Sharing The positive legacy of COVID-19, focusing on the accelerated progress facilitated by open and transparent data sharing. (00:24:53) Model Interpretability and Closing Insights into the importance of model interpretability and the value of reducing complexity to enhance understanding. Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Ran Abramitzky studies the economic history of immigration by tapping into now-public government records and using AI to chart changing attitudes on immigration captured in written documents and official speeches. What’s revealed is a remarkable story that often diverges from conventional wisdom. Not all streets were paved with gold, Abramitzky tells host Russ Altman, himself a descendant of immigrants, on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Host Russ Altman introduces the episode's focus on immigration myths, and the data story behind them with economist Ran Abramitzky. (00:01:56) The Methods & Data used Ran explains his approach to researching immigration using quantitative methods, data sets, and text analysis. (00:03:39) Who is an Immigrant? A conversation on the scope of the term 'immigrant' and the focus on voluntary immigration in this work (00:05:01) Personal Anecdotes and Immigrant Experiences Russ & Ran discuss the truth behind opportunities presented through immigration, illustrated by Russ’s family experience. (00:07:11) The Rags to Riches Myth Debunking this story, looking at the economic status of immigrants on arrival and the generational improvements, often driven by taking jobs beneath their skill levels. (00:09:17) Cultural Assimilation Examining the cultural assimilation of immigrants, including marriage patterns, naming children, and citizenship. (00:10:53) Current Relevance of Historical Immigration Patterns The consistency of historical immigration trends across nationalities and generation, despite policy changes regarding borders (00:13:09) Crime Myths Exploration of resistance to immigration, debunking of myths linking immigrants to increased crime rates, incarceration data (00:15:39) Historical and Contemporary Polarization Examining how political rhetoric and attitudes towards immigrants have evolved over the last 150 years, focusing on polarization. (00:18:00) Immigrant Beliefs on Immigration Discussion on how immigrants' attitudes towards immigration change after settling in the U.S. (00:20:34) Refugees & Ellis Island Interviews Interviews with immigrants from Ellis Island provide insights into the experiences of refugees versus economic immigrants and the convergence of immigrant paths by the second or third generation. (00:24:36) Impact of Research on Government Policy The influence, or lack, of immigration research on government policy and public perception. Abramitzky shares the importance of a long-term view of immigration success. (00:27:15) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

We’re re-releasing a wonderful episode about the positive impact art has on individual and societal health. Guest Deborah Cullinan, vice president for the arts at Stanford, shares how including just 10-20 minutes of art in your day — whether through drawing or dancing to your favorite song — can contribute to improved health. Her insights remind us, and hopefully will remind you as well, that art plays a valuable role in both individual and societal well being. Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction (00:02:04) The Power & Appreciation of Art Discussion on the societal shift and increased appreciation and demand for art activities. (00:05:30) Expansive Definition of Art Discussion on potential pushback and challenges in defining art boundaries. (00:07:55) Art and Health The intersection of art and health, emphasizing its significance and the book “Your Brain on Art” and some of the neuroscience based benefits. (00:11:33) Art in Healthcare Highlighting some of the programs integrating art and healthcare at Stanford including, Stanford Medicine's program "Medicine in the Muse" art programs for healthcare providers, and supporting mental health services for students. (00:13:30) Micro Art Moments The potential benefits of small doses of art and demand for art programs (00:15:19) Fluidity in Creating and Consuming Art The symbiotic relationship between creators and consumers of art and the way creating makes you appreciate art more. (00:18:04) Technology and the Arts (00:22:44) Exciting Art Collaborations at Stanford (00:25:53) The Importances of Art Spaces as safe spaces and community hubs (00:28:27) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

As the pandemic made a doctor visit as easy as a Zoom call and computer vision proved able to distinguish a benign blemish from something more worrisome, guest Eleni Linos, MD, DrPH, grew fascinated with the many ways digital technologies will impact all of medicine, not just her specialty, dermatology. She now believes the future of digital health is the future of health, period. But much work remains to ensure those benefits extend to every sector of society. Linos previews the future of digital health for host and fellow physician Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Contact Links: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X Chapters: (00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces Professor Eleni Linos and they discuss a future where digital health encompasses all aspects of healthcare and how we have moved towards that. (02:10) Defining Digital Health The challenge of defining digital health and envisioning a future where it integrates seamlessly into healthcare without differentiation. (03:33) Dermatology and Digital Health Eleni explains her interest in digital tools for dermatology, how they have been applied in dermatology and why they are useful. (06:41) Challenges in Examining Diverse Skin Types Addressing challenges in dermatological exams for patients with diverse skin tones and backgrounds. (09:05) Impact on Patients and Health Disparities Assessing patient reactions & benefits to remote interactions and studying health disparities concerning age, ethnicity, and technology literacy. (10:56) LLMs, Digital Health, & Bias How large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT are used in digital health, and their biases, and the need for and how Dr. Linos is working to reduce these. (15:24) Empathy and AI Dr. Linos tells a personal story about empathy demonstrated by Chat GPT, and reflects on the potential of AI to enhance patient interactions and care. (18:47) Social Media in Public Health Insights into leveraging social media for public health campaigns, the strategies used to influence behavioral changes in specific demographics, and how it was employed during COVID (24:33) Challenges in Digital Medicine Education Exploring the challenges & opportunities in preparing future clinicians for a digital medicine-infused future. (28:20) Stanford Center for Digital Health The vision and purpose of the Center for Digital Health at Stanford, emphasizing the collaboration between academia, tech companies, and a global perspective to tackle future health challenges. Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

To kick off 2024, we’re bringing you an episode that’s been one of our most popular. The timing is just right as many of us are headed into the new year thinking about how to live better. In this episode, Professor Helen Blau, a stem cell biologist, tells us all about how she’s recruiting stem cells to regenerate youthful muscle in older people. We’re thrilled to bring this episode out of the archives for another listen and renewed hope about possibilities ahead in the world of health. Happy New Year from Russ and the team here at The Future of Everything. Contact Links: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction & Importance of Muscles in Aging Host Russ Altman introduces the episode, the ways that muscles weakening with age affects us, and how guest, Professor Helen Blau’s work with stem cells is addressing this. (00:02:03) Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cells The goals of regenerative medicine in enhancing the quality of life as people age. Overview of different types of stem cells and their potential. (00:04:28) Focus on Muscle: Sarcopenia and Aging Emphasizing the desire to age well, and the centrality of muscles in daily activities and how they atrophy with age. (00:07:44) Approaches to Combating Muscle Aging Lack of available drugs addressing muscle wasting and potential research directions. Targeting stem cells and mature muscle fibers for rejuvenation. (00:09:09) Lab Discoveries and Challenges Dr. Blau's lab experiments to identify and maintain functional stem cells, the breakthrough in bioengineering microenvironments & it’s impact. (00:12:41) Stem Cell Rejuvenation Insights into rejuvenating stem cell functions through cell therapy that lead to. (00:14:37) Inflammatory Pathways and Stem Cell Response Dr Blau explains the importance of the wave of inflammation for stem cells, and the discoveries this lead to. (00:17:55) Broad-Scale Muscle Rejuvenation Exploring systemic alterations targeting inflammation pathways for global muscle regeneration. Identification of PGE-2 degrading enzyme and results of limiting this enzyme. (00:21:33) Human Trials, Challenges & Drug Development Discussion on the prospects of translating findings to human treatments and developing an oral drug (00:24:42) Timeline and Clinical Trials Anticipated timelines for the drug's availability for human trials and potential applications. Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Russ's curated playlist of six episodes from our archive to accompany you through the holiday season & into the new year. Curated Episode Links: Is it time to rethink philanthropy?YouTubeEpisode PageThe future of the gut microbiomeYouTubeEpisode PageHow 3D printing is changing medicineYouTubeEpisode PageThe future of computational linguisticsYouTubeEpisode PageWhy physical books will always be with usYouTube Episode PageA mobile app can be the gateway for helping communities improve their health and well-beingYouTubeEpisode Page Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X

Professor Michael Fischbach, tells us that the “gut biome” – that is, the complex community of bacteria that lives in our gastrointestinal tract – is what makes digesting and extracting nutrients from those meals possible. We hope you’ll tune in. Contact Links: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction to Microbiome: A Primer Host Russ Altman introduces the episode and its focus on the gut biome with guest Professor Michael Fischbach. Russ discusses the importance of bacteria & the influence of diet on maintaining a healthy microbiome, specifically yogurt (00:04:08) The Role of Bacteria An explanation of how bacteria are utilized by our body for digestion (00:06:16) Antibiotics and Gut Microbiome Disruption The repercussions of antibiotic use on the gut microbiome's composition and its effects on digestion. (00:07:14) Bacterial Chemicals in the Body A detailed explanation of how bacteria create chemicals that enter the bloodstream & example of one of these chemicals, of TMAO (trimethylamine N oxide) and its connection to heart disease risk. (00:09:48) Vegans and TMAO Insight into a study involving vegans and their lack of TMAO production due to the absence of specific gut bacteria & its implications. (00:12:31) Bacteria's Use of Chemicals for Survival Dr. Fischbach explains how bacteria utilize chemicals in food due to the absence of oxygen in the gut. The concept of electrons and their role in bacterial survival. (00:14:17) Microbial Communities Discussion on manipulating microbial communities and the challenges associated with making precise changes. (00:15:22) Fecal Transplants and Community Dynamics Insight into the success of fecal transplants in treating gut infections. Understanding the dynamics of microbial communities and their role in combating infections. (00:18:30) Building Complex Microbial Communities Exploring efforts to construct diverse communities and the stability of ecosystems. Early observations on the interactions between various bacterial species in complex communities (00:21:16) Precision Fecal Transplants Discussion on the limitations of fecal transplants and the need and potential for precision in microbial composition for treating diseases. (00:22:29) Microbiome Diagnostics for Disease Detection The potential of microbiome analysis as a diagnostic tool for diseases like Crohn's, based on differences in gut community rosters. The debate around whether changes in the microbiome precede or result from diseases, as well as genetic & environmental factors. (00:25:39) Fermented Foods and Microbiome Impact Discussion on the potential health benefits of fermented foods and predictions about future interventions involving bacteria (00:26:29) Microbiome and Aging Effects Early research on the impact of aging on the microbiome and the potential for programmed microbiome composition at different life stages. Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads or Twitter/X Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X