Social Protection Podcast

In Southeast Asia the gig economy is growing fast. Attracted by the promise of flexibility, independence, and low entry costs, gig workers offer their services on a task-by-task basis facilitated through a digital platform or app. The appeal of this model has attracted millions of workers in the region, however, unlike traditional employees, gig workers often lack access to essential social protection schemes, such as health insurance, old-age pension, and unemployment benefits. In this episode, we examine the challenges presented by this new employment trend. Workers often face precarious working conditions which leave them vulnerable to shocks and unexpected events. We discuss how governments, unions, and the platforms themselves can work to bridge social protection gaps and extend coverage to this growing group. This is the second episode of a three-part series titled "Emerging trends for Social Protection in the Indo-Pacific", presented by socialprotection.org. We extend our gratitude to Australia's Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) for their invaluable support in shaping this series and facilitating connections with the most suitable guests for each episode. Meet our guests: For our Quick Wins segment, we are joined by Cyrus Afshar, Social protection Officer at WIEGO and host of WIEGO’s Informal Economy Podcast. Episode Resources: Gig Economy Employment during the Pandemic: An Analysis of GrabFood Driver Experiences in the PhilippinesSocial Protection as a Solar SystemInformal Economy PodcastChallenges and strategies to increase social protection financing for workers in informal employmentIs social protection to blame for informality?Challenging Global Social Protection Orthodoxies

This episode will explore the ways social protection has evolved in Pacific Island countries, starting with provident funds to the slow growth of lifecycle schemes for the elderly and people with disabilities. It will then look at how the COVID-19 crisis and the impacts of disasters and climate change have changed the way Pacific nations are thinking about social protection. This episode will ask, how do governments see the social protection landscape evolving in the future? Will countries continue to take a slow and gradual approach, focused on incremental growth of lifecycle schemes? Or has the growing interest from development partners and the growing pressures of climate change shifted priorities and approaches? This marks the inaugural episode of a three-part series focusing on emerging trends for Social Protection in the Indo-Pacific, presented by socialprotection.org. We extend our gratitude to the Australia's Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) for their invaluable support in shaping this series and facilitating connections with the most suitable guests for each episode. Meet our guests: For our Quick Wins segment, we are joined by Lisa Hannigan, Senior Social Protection Specialist, Australian Government/Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). Lisa discusses the significance of dignity in social protection, drawing from discussions and publications on the subject. Quick Wins Crowding-out or crowding-in? Effects of LEAP 1000 unconditional cash transfer program on household and community support among women in rural Ghana

In today's episode, we delve into a pressing topic: the evolving landscape of social protection systems and their critical role in addressing the unique needs of women and girls throughout their lives. There's a growing recognition of the importance of tailoring social programmes to meet these specific needs, but we're also becoming more aware of how these programmes may inadvertently perpetuate gender norms, assuming women's roles in work and caregiving. Can social protection systems be a catalyst for change? Can they challenge the very structures and norms that perpetuate gender inequalities? As we commemorate International Women's Day this month, join us as we explore the concept of gender-transformative social protection. We'll examine how these programmes and systems have the potential to drive transformative change, paving the way for a more equitable future. Meet our guests: For our Quick Wins segment, we are joined by Tia Palermo, president at Policy Research Solutions—PRESTO, and associate professor at the University of Buffalo. She shared insights and highlights from several recent papers in the field. Resources Promoting Gender-Transformative Change through Social Protection:An analytical approachSocial protection systems and gender: A review of the evidenceChanging rural women’s lives through gender transformative social protection: A paper on gender transformative social protection concepts, evidence and practice in the context of food security and nutrition. Quick Wins Mapping gender and social protection dataLeveraging social protection to support women’s and girls’ climate resilience in low- and middle-income countriesUnconditional cash transfers and safe transitions to adulthood in Malawi

Among the decisions made at the last Conference of Parties (COP28), was the establishment of the new Loss and Damage Fund, designed to assist countries most vulnerable to climate change. We talked to our guests about the structure of this new fund and the possibilities for countries to draw on such climate financing mechanisms to build and enhance their social protection systems. In this episode, we delved into the role of social protection in supporting major transitions in energy, industry and food systems necessary to reduce carbon emissions and meet global targets, and how social protection systems can support a just transition for all. Meet our guests: For our Quick Wins segment, we are joined by Hazel Calderon, the leader of fisheries and aquaculture social protection for FAO, who shared insights and highlights from the latest FAO event on social Protection for fisheries. Resources The Relevance of Social Protection Systems for the Loss and Damage Fund and Funding ArrangementsEvents at the just transition pavilion at COP28 Quick Wins Social Protection for Fisheries and Aquaculture (SocPro4Fish)

Join us for our special End-of-Year episode, where we unravel the tapestry of 2023, exploring the critical discussions and ground-breaking studies that shaped the landscape of social protection. From adaptive social protection initiatives to food security policies, we delve into the hot topics that ignited debates across the globe. Discover the key takeaways from eye-opening studies that explored climate adaptation, social protection impact, and migration. As we bid farewell to 2023, we invite you to reflect on the wins, challenges, and transformative moments that defined the year in social protection. In the Quick Wins segment, our guest Roberta Brito will highlight the latest content from socialprotection.org's Digest. She will offer a sneak peek into an upcoming piece, providing a glimpse into emerging trends. Meet our guests: Resources: Social Protection in the Developing WorldSocial Protection Digest#1

In this episode, we’re talking about the G20 – an annual gathering of the world’s largest economies and a major global forum for discussing a wide range of economic issues. In recent years, that has included social protection, a set of policies used by many countries to stabilise economies in the face of successive crises. Brazil takes over the G20 presidency from India on 1 December 2023. At this crucial moment of handover, we have invited researchers from both countries to talk about how G20 agendas are shaped, how social protection has featured, and their shared goal of expanding the voice of the Global South in this premier international forum. Meet our guests: For our Quick Wins segment, we are joined by Carla Mejia, Regional Nutrition Advisor for WFP in Latin America and the Caribbean. We discuss the evidence and impact of social protection interventions on nutrition and food security in light of a recent joint study by WFP, IDS and IFPRI, which proposes an analytical and operational framework linking social protection and better nutrition outcomes. Resources G20 Policy for Health Systems: Promoting Holistic Outcomes and Addressing Vulnerabilities in HealthcareLeveraging Knowledge Sharing for Social ProtectionTowards a Robust Social Protection System in the Post Pandemic EraPresident Lula during Session 2 - One Family of the G20 Summit Quick Wins Social Protection Pathways to Nutrition

In 2022, an estimated 100 million people were displaced, and more than 40 million of those were children. Many of these children were displaced for at least five years, often much longer, and most are hosted in low- and middle-income countries, where social protection systems often face many restrictions. In this episode, we discuss how some countries are taking steps towards extending social protection to displaced children and their families, while slowly building systems for host populations. We examine the consequences of displacement for host countries and host communities, the factors leading to children’s exclusion in these countries, and some examples of programmes taking an integrated approach. At the end of this episode, in lieu of our usual Quick Wins segment, we're featuring a special update on how cash and voucher assistance is being implemented in the unfolding humanitarian crisis in Gaza. Meet our guests: Resources: Strengthening inclusive social protection systems for displaced children and their families.A promise of tomorrow: the effects of UNHCR and UNICEF cash assistance on Syrian refugees in Jordan.Improving social protection for migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in Egypt: an overview of international practices. We have launched the Social Protection Digest, a quarterly compilation that brings together practitioner guides, evidence-based studies, and policy and conceptual discussions on a wide range of topics. Carefully hand-picked by our team at socialprotection.org The digest serves as an essential resource for you to keep up with what's new in social protection. After you have read the Social Protection Digest, let us know what you think by taking our three-minute survey.

In this engaging episode, we delve into the vital concept of accountability within social protection programmes and humanitarian initiatives. Our host, Jo Sharpe, joins experts Suchi Pande and Louisa Feres for a deep dive into why accountability is the lynchpin of programme effectiveness. Our guests shed light on the fundamental elements of accountability, including communication strategies, outreach efforts, grievance redressal mechanisms, and the crucial role of audits. Louisa provides unique insights into the various ways accountability is perceived and practiced within humanitarian contexts, challenging conventional wisdom. Join us as we unravel this intricate web that ensures the success of social protection programmes. Meet our guests: For the Quick Wins segment: Resources: Accountability in crises: connecting evidence from humanitarian and social protection approaches to social assistanceStruggles for Accountability in the 2022 Cost-of-living Crisis: Lessons from the Global Protest WaveThe Politics of Complaint: A Review of the Literature on Grievance Redress Mechanisms in the Global South Quick Wins Global Accelerator on Jobs and Social Protection for Just Transitions

This September marks the eighth anniversary of socialprotection.org, and we are celebrating across the platform by looking at social protection and its impacts. This episode features a wide-ranging discussion on this theme, what we know about what social protection can do and how that evidence has influenced policy, practice and the global spread of ideas to shape the sector into what it is today. In the Quick Wins segment, we preview our Humans of Social Protection series, in which people who benefit from social protection programmes tell their own stories of how they have impacted their lives.

It is estimated that around 418 million children benefit from school meals—around 41 per cent of children enrolled in primary school, a figure that has been increasing despite interruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a social protection mechanism, school-feeding programmes play a crucial role for children and families, especially when combined with local procurement policies for local smallholder farmers. In this episode, we discuss how school feeding programmes impact vulnerable households and smallholder farmers, as well as how better to combine these two aspects in home-grown school feeding initiatives. We also explore the role of international cooperation in sharing experiences and advancing good practices.

The value of unpaid care and domestic work has been estimated at around 11 trillion US dollars—roughly 9 per cent of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP)—while low-paid domestic workers make up more than 20 per cent of the global care workforce. Social protection mechanisms can play a major role in achieving a balance between increasing access to high-quality care and reducing gender inequalities resulting from unpaid care work. This episode focuses on how social protection mechanisms, particularly social care services, can help ameliorate the inequities involved in care work, including access, recognition and remuneration. Meet our guests: Resources: Child Care Services and Women’s WorkUN Women. 2023. Innovations in Childcare to Advance Women’s Economic EmpowermentUN Women. 2022. Increase Women’s Economic Empowerment by Transforming the Care Economy. Economic Justice and Rights Action Coalition, Economic Empowerment Section of UN Women. For our Quick Wins segment, Ralf Radermacher, Head of the Social Protection Sector Initiative at GIZ, shared some key takeaways from the Global Forum on Adaptive Social Protection, a 3-day event that gathered policymakers, practitioners, and social protection experts to jointly examine and discuss the scope and potential of ASP to foster resilience and promote adaptation. Quick Wins Resource Event | Global Forum on Adaptive Social Protection - Opening and Closing Sessions | World Bank Live

Adaptive Social Protection is an area of social protection that aims to build resilience of poor and vulnerable households by developing their capacity to prepare for, cope with, and adapt to shocks. In this episode, we are looking at adaptive and shock-responsive social protection in action in some of the most disaster-affected parts of the world. We talk about how ASP can help build the resilience of households and enable people to take anticipatory actions before the onset of a shock. We draw from experiences in the Philippines and the Caribbean to learn how programmes can contribute to this type of approach, what is the importance of building appropriate registries and information systems, and what kind of financial instruments are put in place to funding ASP responses. Meet our Guests: For our ‘’Quick Wins’’ segment, James Jumba, Independent Consultant, who previously worked as a Social security prosecutor at the National Social Security Fund in Kenya and is a former socialprotection.org Ambassador, shares with us the highlights of the Kenya Social Protection Conference and how Kenya could benefit for more resilience building approaches to climate risks. Episode Links: Micro-course series on Adaptive Social ProtectionJoint reviews for Adaptive Social Protection Systems - A working paperAdaptive Social Protection: Building Resilience to ShocksStrengthening Resilience through Social Protection Programs: Guidance NoteDisaster Risk Finance for Adaptive Social ProtectionAdaptive Social Protection – The delivery chain and shock responseBuilding on government systems for shock preparedness and response: The role of social assistance data and information systems Quick Wins Links The Kenya Social Protection Conference 2023Building resilience to climate risks through social protection: from individualised models to systemic transformation Additionally, do not forget to take your time through our 5-minute annual satisfaction survey and register for the upcoming Global Forum on Adaptive Social Protection.

In this episode, our guests focus on the role of active labour market policies (ALMPs) in guaranteeing, supporting or even creating income-generation activities. Among other topics, we discuss the possible role of ALMPs in reducing informality in developing countries, and how well-integrated they are with other social protection mechanisms such as social insurance and social security. Guests for this episode include: In the “Quick Wins” segment, Jean Claude Muhire, Rwanda Programme Director for the Ultra-Poor Graduation Initiative, BRAC, explains how ‘Graduation’ approaches, famous for being implemented in Bangladesh and Southeast Asia, are now being implemented in different contexts such as in Rwanda. Quick Wins links: Article: https://oecd-development-matters.org/2022/06/27/how-graduation-can-complement-social-protection-for-women-in-extreme-poverty/ https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2023/01/04/strengthening-social-protection-systems-in-rwanda-to-increase-resilience-and-build-human-capital#:~:text=Rwanda%20struggled%2C%20however%2C%20to%20translate,percent%20of%20the%20total%20population

In this episode of the "Social Protection for Prevention of and Response to Gender-based Violence" series, our guests talk about how social protection schemes can provide assistance to people fleeing gender-based violence. These people are vulnerable and may need many kinds of support. We look at examples of programmes providing cash support for survivors of domestic violence, as well as those that facilitate access to other services, such as referral pathways, healthcare, housing, etc. Guests for this episode include: In the “Quick Wins” segment, Mayra Cardozo, a Brazilian lawyer and gender researcher, member of the National Human Rights Commission of the Federal Council of the National Bar Association of Brazil and Professor of Criminal Law at EPD, shares some of the findings of her research on the programmes in place in Brazil that help women and children who are survivors of domestic violence. The joint webinar and podcast series "Social Protection for Prevention of and Response to Gender-Based Violence" is produced by socialprotection.org and the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), with support from the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Tune in for the first webinar of the series, Girls Deserve Better: Countering Violence Against Adolescents through Social Protection, taking place on 28 March at 8.30 AM EDT. Episode links: Webinar: Harnessing Social Protection the Address Violence against Women and Girls Book: Unjust Conditions: Women’s Work and the Hidden Cost of Cash Transfer Programs Publication: A diagonal and social protection plus approach to meet the challenges of the COVID-19 syndemic: cash transfers and intimate partner violence interventions in Latin America Article: UNICEF Mozambique shows how 'cash and care' accelerate child well-being Quick Wins link: Article: Financial Support for Victims of Domestic Violence in Brazil

In this episode of the "Social Protection for Prevention of and Response to Gender-Based Violence" series, our guests discuss how economic factors can drive gender-based violence at the community level, and why this is important for social protection programming. The focus is on designing social protection programmes that can prevent gender-based violence against women and people with diverse gender identities, expressions, and sexual orientations (SOGIESC). The guests draw on available evidence and practical experience to discuss various aspects of the social protection delivery chain, including targeting, registration, payment, and the unique risks and issues related to people with diverse SOGIESC. Guests for this episode include Shalini Roy, Senior Research Fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), and Emily Dwyer, Founder and Co-Director of Edge Effect. In the "Quick Wins" segment, two guests from the World Bank—Alessandra Heinemann, Social Protection Specialist, and Gender Lead, and Palak Rawal, Gender and Social Protection Consultant—offer practical advice on designing social protection programmes that can safeguard and prevent gender-based violence. They also share additional resources for further reading on the topic. The joint webinar and podcast series "Social Protection for Prevention of and Response to Gender-Based Violence" is produced by socialprotection.org and the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), with support from the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Tune in for the first webinar of the series, Girls Deserve Better: Countering Violence Against Adolescents through Social Protection, taking place on 28 March at 8.30 AM EDT. Episode links: Publication: Cash transfers and intimate partner violence: A research view on design and implementation for risk mitigation and preventionPublication: We don’t do a lot for them specifically: A scoping report on gaps and opportunities for improving diverse SOGIESC inclusion in cash transfer and social protection programs, during the COVID-19 crisis and beyondPodcast: How can social protection impact gender-based violence? Quick Wins links Publication: Safety first: How to leverage social safety nets to prevent gender-based violenceOnline course: How to leverage social safety nets to prevent gender-based violencePublication: Invisible women: exposing data bias in a world designed for men

Kicking off the three-part series ‘’Social Protection for Prevention of and Response to Gender-Based Violence’’, this episode presents a deep dive into what we know about the impacts of social protection on Gender-Based Violence (GBV) and some of the remaining knowledge gaps. We look at economic empowerment programmes and how they can help reduce economic stress and challenge gender norms that often drive violence in community settings. Drawing from the available evidence, our guests were also invited to reflect on both the positive pathways through which social protection can contribute to reducing intimate partner violence (IPV) and the possibility of it introducing risks of increased violence. Finally, as some food for thought, what would a feminist social protection policy look like? Our guests for this episode: For our ‘Quick Wins’ segment, Wessel van den Berg (MenCare Officer at Equimundo: Center for Masculinities and Social Justice) talks about ways to engage men in the dialogue around gender norms and roles as part of a gender transformative approach. What does this entail for social protection? The ‘’Social Protection for Prevention of and Response to Gender-Based Violence’’ series is produced by socialprotection.org and the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), with the support from UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Episode links: A mixed-method review of cash transfers and intimate partner violence in low- and middle-income countries Effects of Government-Implemented Cash Plus Model on Violence Experiences and Perpetration Among Adolescents in Tanzania Government of Ethiopia's public works and complementary programmes: A mixed-methods study on pathways to reduce intimate partner violence Public Work Programs and Gender-Based Violence : Evidence from Lao PDR Domestic violence and workfare: An evaluation of India’s MGNREGS Can transfers and behavior change communication reduce intimate partner violence four years post-program? Experimental evidence from Bangladesh Public Work and Private Violence Cash Transfer and IPV Research Collaborative Transfer Project Quick Wins links: Applying a Masculinities Lens to the Gendered Impacts of Social Safety Nets MenCare: A Global Fatherhood Campaign State of South Africa’s Fathers 2021 Gender-transformative Bandebereho couples’ intervention to promote male engagement in reproductive and maternal health and violence prevention in Rwanda: Findings from a randomized controlled trial A cluster randomized-controlled trial of a community mobilization intervention to change gender norms and reduce HIV risk in rural South Africa

The COVID-19 crisis has led to an acceleration in electronic payments of social protection benefits through individual bank accounts or mobile money. According to one global estimate, 80 million women opened accounts for the first time during the pandemic to receive government payments. Digital payments have long been seen as the first step towards improving people's financial inclusion and, by extension, their financial health. In this episode, we discuss the idea of unbanked individuals gaining access to banking services and digital transactions, financial literacy, and savings options, and how this contributes to insurance, remittances, and other aspects. We also highlight the importance of careful and deliberate policy design to ensure that digital accounts can, in fact, open the door to greater financial inclusion instead of ending up as dead ends. Our guests for this episode: In the quick wins segment, Dominique Leska-See (Advisor for Digital Social Protection, GIZ) and Anita Mittal (Senior Advisor, Lead - Digital Convergence Initiative, GIZ) present the Digital Convergence Initiative for Universal Social Protection. Resources: Webinar | Demand and supply perspectives on Digital Financial Inclusion and cash transfers: findings from a WFP study in the Asia-Pacific region Publication | Is going digital the solution? Evidence from social protection Webinars | Talking interoperability - Dialogue Series Publication | Digital Financial Inclusion and Women’s Economic Empowerment through Cash Transfers Website | Digital Principles Convergence Initiative Flyer

After 2 years of COVID-19-dominated headlines, record inflation rates, and climate events taking centre stage in the global debate, it comes as no surprise that social protection might be called on to respond to these multifaceted crises. But can we forecast what the future of social protection might hold based on its latest developments? For the final episode of the year, we invited Ugo Gentilini, Global Lead for Social Assistance at the World Bank, for a wide-ranging interview looking back at the main social protection themes in 2022. Among other topics, we talk about persisting myths, pathways for universality and the most interesting papers released over the year to help you catch up with that reading goal you might have set for yourself some months ago. To shake up our traditional format a bit, the interview was paired with contributions by other members of our Social Protection Community, drawing attention to the big highlights of 2022, and their resolutions for the coming year. This episode features contributions from: Resources: Weekly Social Protection Links: Ideas, evidence and practices from the world of social protection... by Ugo GentiliniWorld Social Protection Report 2020-22: Social protection at the crossroads – in pursuit of a better futureTracking Global Social Protection Responses to Price Shocks: Living Paper v.3The impact of a poverty reduction intervention on infant brain activityThe Politics of Distributing Social Transfers: State Capacity and Political Contestation in Sub-Saharan Africa and South AsiaHow Effective Is (More) Money? Randomizing Unconditional Cash Transfer Amounts in the US

In the aftermath of the 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 27) and the important debates that followed, this episode discusses the relevance of social protection as an actionable strategy for climate action. This year was marked by severe climate events and risks, with a rise in heatwaves, floods, droughts, and wildfires, leading to significant effects on those most vulnerable to environmental hazards. Many no longer perceive climate change as a future threat, but rather as a pressing reality that places countless people at risk of deteriorating living conditions and even losing their livelihoods. How can social protection help address the risks posed by climate change today and in the future? To bring the issue into perspective, we asked our guests to reflect on both climate adaption and mitigation, focusing on possible pathways for environmental restoration and nature-based solutions, as well as an equitable transition towards a post-carbon economy. Shedding light on these concerns, we heard from Bessie Msusa, Chief Economist in the Department of Economic Planning and Development in Malawi, and Cecilia Costella, Independent Consultant and Senior Advisor with the Red Cross Climate Centre. Finally, for this month’s Quick Wins, we were joined by Felicity O’Brien, Assistant Director at the Social Protection Team at Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). Resources: Podcast | Poverty Unpacked Episode #28: Climate change – How can people in poverty be better supported to cope with climate shocks? News | Climate change increased rainfall associated with tropical cyclones hitting highly vulnerable communities in Madagascar, Mozambique & Malawi Publications | Can Social Protection Tackle Risks Emerging from Climate Change, and How? a Framework and a Critical Review Website | 16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence Webinar | Harnessing Social Protection to Address Violence Against Women and Girls Publication | "We don't do a lot for them specifically": A scoping report on gaps and opportunities for improving diverse SOGIESC inclusion in cash transfer and social protection programs, during the COVID-19 crisis and beyond Webinar | ‘’We don’t do a lot for them specifically'': diverse SOGIESC (aka LGBTIQ+) inclusion in social protection and cash-based assistance Publication | The role of socialprotection.org in fostering knowledge exchange and capacity-building in social protection through a knowledge brokering perspective

Social protection can play an important role in ensuring that poor and vulnerable people meet their nutritional needs. What are the factors at play? This episode helps explain how social protection can contribute to improving food security and reducing the nutrition gap. While the adequacy of social protection interventions seems to be at the forefront of the discussion, the state of food systems and prices must also be considered. On average, social protection covers only 5-10 per cent of household food costs. With food prices surging to record levels over the past two years, this has become a pressing challenge, especially in the face of long-term risks to human development. Our guests for this episode have contributed greatly to unpacking these topics: For our ‘’Quick Wins’’ segment, Martha Santos (Programme Manager for South-South and Triangular Cooperation at UNICEF) provided her inputs directly from the Global South-South Development Expo (GSSD Expo 2022). Resources: The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022: Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordableTracking Global Social Protection Responses to Price Shocks: Living Paper v.3WFP's Fill the Nutrient Gap toolISPA’s Food Security and Nutrition tool (FSN)(Webinar) Global Food and Nutrition Crisis and Building Forward Better(Webinar) Ripple effects of the war in Ukraine: What role can 'adaptive' social protection play to prepare for and respond to anticipated global price shocks and hunger?Global South-South Development Expo 2022ESCAP-led Thematic Solution Forum on Social Protection and Health: South-South and Triangular Cooperation to Enhance Capacity to Produce and Deliver vaccines