Tom Nikkola | VIGOR Training

If you've ever heard of a cold plunge, cold water immersion, or ice bath, then you're in the right place. In this guide, we will explore the ideal cold plunge time and temp for cold plunging, as well as the benefits, preparation, and ideal cold water immersion routines. Whether you're an athlete, fitness enthusiast, or simply someone looking to improve your overall health and well-being, this guide will provide you with all the information you need to make the most of your cold plunging experience. Key Takeaways What is Cold Plunging? Submerging the body in cold water, typically between 50-60°F (10-15°C), to stimulate various health benefits. Benefits of Cold Plunging: Includes reduced muscle soreness, lower inflammation, enhanced immune function, improved mood, and potential metabolic benefits through stimulation of brown fat activity. Optimal Conditions for Cold Plunging: Duration: Short immersions of 1 to 5 minutes can benefit recovery and the immune system, with potential for longer sessions of up to 10-15 minutes for acclimation and metabolic enhancement. Temperature: The sweet spot lies between 10°C to 15°C (50°F to 59°F) for balancing therapeutic benefits and comfort, though some may explore below 10°C for increased mental toughness and metabolic stimulation, with caution. Frequency: Post-exercise recovery may entail immersions ranging from 3 times a week to after every intense session, while a general health and wellness routine might involve 3-4 sessions per week. What is a "Cold Plunge?" A cold plunge, also known as cold water immersion (CWI) or ice bathing, involves submerging the body in cold water, typically at temperatures ranging from 50-60°F (10-15°C). This practice has gained popularity for its potential health benefits, including improved recovery from physical exertion, enhanced mood, and increased alertness. Cold water immersion can be performed in natural bodies of water, specially designed cold plunge pools, or even at home using a bathtub filled with cold water and ice. Why is a cold plunge beneficial? Cold water immersion challenges the body's organ systems, requiring adjustments to maintain core temperature. This includes mechanisms like peripheral vasoconstriction, where blood vessels in the extremities constrict to preserve core temperature, and metabolic adjustments to generate heat. Regular exposure to cold water has been associated with acclimatization effects, such as reduced heat loss and increased resting metabolism in populations habituated to cold water exposure, like the Ama divers of Japan.1 What are the benefits of cold water immersion? Cold plunging offers numerous health benefits, though the practice isn't for everyone. The following are the most common and scientifically supported. Improved Recovery and Reduced Muscle Soreness: Research shows that CWI can significantly reduce muscle soreness after exercise. A systematic review and meta-analysis found that cold water immersion effectively reduces delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) after exercise.2 This is believed to be due to the cold's effect on reducing inflammation and slowing down the metabolic processes associated with muscle damage. However, research also shows that cold water immersion may compromise muscle growth, so strength athletes or those looking to build muscle may be better off utilizing other recovery tools.3 Reduced Inflammation and Enhanced Immune System Function: Cold exposure has been linked to reduced inflammation and improved immune response. A study demonstrated that regular cold water immersions increased white blood cell count and other immune system markers, suggesting an enhanced immune response.4 Improved Mood and Mental Well-being: Engaging in cold water immersion can also have positive effects on mental health. It's been reported to release endorphins, the body's natural painkillers, which can lead to improved mood and a sense of well-being...

As an adult, there's a good chance you've experienced moments when your brain feels foggy or you struggle to concentrate. This phenomenon, commonly known as "fuzzy brain" or "brain fog," can be frustrating and impact your daily life. But what causes these symptoms, and are there solutions to combat them? In this article, we will delve into the causes of fuzzy brain symptoms and explore solutions to enhance your clarity and cognitive function. So, if you have ever wondered why your brain always feels foggy, keep reading to gain a better understanding of this condition and how to address it. What is Fuzzy Brain or Brain Fog? "Fuzzy brain," commonly referred to as "brain fog," is not a medical condition in itself but a term used to describe a set of symptoms affecting cognitive abilities. People experiencing brain fog may feel confused, disorganized, and have difficulty focusing, putting thoughts into words, or remembering things. This cognitive dysfunction is characterized by memory problems, lack of mental clarity, poor concentration, and an inability to focus, often described as mental fatigue. Common Signs and Symptoms Brain fog, often described as "fuzzy brain," is characterized by a constellation of symptoms related to cognitive dysfunction, including confusion, memory problems, lack of mental clarity, poor concentration, and the inability to focus. While the term "brain fog" is not always used explicitly in scientific literature, the symptoms it encompasses are well-documented in studies related to cognitive function and mental health. Below are the most common symptoms: Cognitive Impairment and Memory Problems: Cognitive dysfunction, including memory lapses and difficulties with recall, is a hallmark of brain fog. A study by Banks, S. et al. (2020) on sleep deprivation highlights how lack of sleep—a common contributor to brain fog—can impair memory and cognitive performance, simulating the symptoms of brain fog.Banks, S., Van Dongen, H. P. A., Maislin, G., & Dinges, D. F. (2010). Neurobehavioral dynamics following chronic sleep restriction: Dose-response effects of one night for recovery. Sleep, 33(8), 1013–1026. Lack of Mental Clarity and Poor Concentration: People experiencing brain fog often report a lack of mental clarity and difficulty concentrating.Gavelin, H. M., Neumann, S., Kovacs, A. H., Malmberg, F., Malmberg, J., Bonde, A. H., ... & Wicksell, R. K. (2021). Cognitive impairments in individuals with long COVID: A 6-month follow-up study. EClinicalMedicine, 41, 101159. Feeling of Mental Fatigue: Mental fatigue is another symptom frequently associated with brain fog. This encompasses a subjective sense of tiredness and a lack of energy for mental tasks.Marcora, S. M., Staiano, W., & Manning, V. (2009). Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(3), 857–864. Difficulty Stringing Thoughts Together: People with brain fog often describe a sensation of struggling to string thoughts together, leading to difficulties with speech or articulating ideas. This symptom points towards an impairment in executive function, which is crucial for planning, decision-making, and verbal fluency.Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. Disrupted Executive Function: Executive dysfunction, including difficulty planning, organizing, and multitasking, is often reported in the context of brain fog. Such symptoms can stem from various conditions, including chronic stress and poor sleep. Stress can alter executive functions, leading to decreased cognitive flexibility and increased rigidity in thoughts and actions.Arnsten, A. F. T. (2009). Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 410–422. These symptoms collectively contribute to the subjective experience of brain fog, making daily cognitive tasks more challenging and impacting ove...

As the topic of mental health has gained attention over the past several years, you've no doubt heard a couple of related phrases you're not familiar with. One is the vagus nerve. The other is heart rate variability. Here, we'll delve into the vagus nerve and what it's all about. What is the Vagus Nerve? The vagus nerve, also known as the 10th cranial nerve or cranial nerve X, is the longest and most complex of the cranial nerves. It is also known as the "wanderer nerve" due to its long, winding course through the body, connecting various organs and systems. It is a key part of the parasympathetic nervous system, which controls involuntary body functions such as digestion, heart rate, and immune response.“Vagus Nerve: What It Is, Function, Location & Conditions.” Cleveland Clinic, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22279-vagus-nerve. Accessed 6 Feb. 2024. The vagus nerve originates in the medulla oblongata, a part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord, and extends down through the neck to the vital abdominal organs.Segal, Dayva. “Vagus Nerve: What to Know.” WebMD, https://www.webmd.com/brain/vagus-nerve-what-to-know. Accessed 6 Feb. 2024. It contains both motor and sensory fibers, which means it can send and receive information.Kenny BJ, Bordoni B. Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 10 (Vagus Nerve) [Updated 2022 Nov 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537171/ The vagus nerve carries signals between the brain, heart, and digestive system. It is responsible for various bodily functions, including digestion, heart rate, and breathing. It also plays a role in controlling mood, immune response, and the regulation of food intake, satiety, and energy homeostasis.Breit S, Kupferberg A, Rogler G, Hasler G. Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain-Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders. Front Psychiatry. 2018 Mar 13;9:44. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044. PMID: 29593576; PMCID: PMC5859128. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a treatment method that uses electrical impulses to stimulate the nerve. It's used to treat some cases of epilepsy and depression that don't respond to other treatments. Damage to it can lead to conditions like gastroparesis, where food does not move into the intestines, and vasovagal syncope, a condition where people faint from low blood pressure. Vagal Tone Vagal tone is often used to assess heart function, emotional regulation, and other processes that alter or are altered by changes in parasympathetic activity. A higher resting vagal tone means you have a reserve capacity for stress. You're more stress resilient.Laborde S, Mosley E, Thayer JF. Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research - Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting. Front Psychol. 2017 Feb 20;8:213. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00213. PMID: 28265249; PMCID: PMC5316555. Vagal tone is typically measured indirectly by heart rate variability (HRV), which is the variation in time between each heartbeat. HRV is considered a marker of the body's resilience and adaptability to stress, with higher HRV (indicating greater variability in the intervals between heartbeats) generally associated with better health and fitness, greater resilience to stress, and lower risk of disease. The Vagus Nerve and the Gut-Brain Axis The vagus nerve plays a pivotal role in the gut-brain axis, a complex communication network that links the central nervous system (CNS) with the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This bidirectional pathway allows for the exchange of signals between the gut and the brain, influencing a wide range of bodily functions, including mood, immune response, digestion, and heart rate. Here's how the vagus nerve affects the gut-brain axis: Direct and Indirect Sensing The vagus nerve can directly or indirectly sense a variety of signals from t...

Have you ever wondered what drives your decisions, what fuels your motivation to stick to a workout plan, or why certain foods seem irresistible? The answer might surprise you – it's all about a powerful brain chemical called dopamine. This neurotransmitter plays a crucial role in our everyday behavior and choices, often without us even realizing it. In this article, we'll delve into how dopamine influences your adherence to exercise and nutrition programs, what causes its levels to fluctuate, and, most importantly, what you can do to optimize dopamine levels for better health and well-being. As a health and fitness enthusiast, you might already know that maintaining a healthy lifestyle isn't just about willpower – it's about understanding and working with your body's natural processes. That's what we aim to uncover here. So, whether you're looking to boost your motivation, improve your mood, or simply understand your body better, you're in the right place. Let's dive into the world of dopamine and discover how this crucial neurotransmitter can be your ally in achieving your health and fitness goals. What is Dopamine? - Understanding the Basics Dopamine, often referred to as the "feel-good" neurotransmitter, is a chemical messenger vital for conveying signals in the brain. It's produced in various parts of the brain, including the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area.Schultz, W. (2007). Multiple dopamine functions at different time courses. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 30, 259-288. But dopamine is more than just a messenger of pleasure; it's a critical component in your ability to think, plan, focus, and find things interesting. The production of dopamine starts with the amino acid tyrosine. Tyrosine undergoes a series of transformations, eventually becoming dopamine. Once produced, dopamine travels through different pathways in the brain, each influencing various aspects of behavior and physical function.Wise, R. A. (2004). Dopamine, learning and motivation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(6), 483-494. Interestingly, dopamine is not just confined to the brain. A substantial portion is also produced in the gut. This gut-derived dopamine is pivotal in regulating gastrointestinal motility and ensuring the proper functioning of the digestive system.Eisenhofer, G., Aneman, A., Friberg, P., Hooper, D., Fåndriks, L., Lonroth, H., … & Lundberg, J. (1997). Substantial production of dopamine in the human gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 82(11), 3864-3871 The gut-brain axis, a communication network linking the gut and the brain, suggests that the dopamine produced in the gut could also have indirect effects on mood and behavior.Carabotti, M., Scirocco, A., Maselli, M. A., & Severi, C. (2015). The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Annals of Gastroenterology, 28(2), 203. Dopamine doesn't work in isolation. It interacts with neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine, creating a delicate balance affecting everything from your mood to your motor skills.Carlsson, A. (1959). The occurrence, distribution and physiological role of catecholamines in the nervous system. Pharmacological Reviews, 11(2), 490-493. In general, dopamine is central to motivating behavior by signaling the anticipation of a reward. It's involved in various functions, including memory, attention, mood, learning, and even motor control.Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (1998). What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Research Reviews, 28(3), 309-369. Dopamine's Influence on Exercise and Nutrition Adherence As we've seen, dopamine is a key player in the brain's reward system. But how exactly does this translate to our exercise and nutrition habits? Exercise-induced dopamine release creates a feedback loop in your brain. When you exercise,

Feeling overwhelmed and exhausted by anxiety is a common struggle for many people. When anxiety takes hold, it can leave you feeling drained and fatigued, making it difficult to find the energy to tackle even the simplest of tasks. But there is hope. This article will explore strategies for combating anxiety-induced fatigue and reclaiming your energy levels. First, it's important to recognize the link between anxiety and fatigue. Anxiety triggers a stress response in the body, which releases hormones that can deplete your energy levels. Understanding this connection is crucial in finding effective strategies to combat fatigue. Second, you need to start making changes. But that can seem daunting when you have no energy. In this article, we'll delve into what leads to anxiety-induced fatigue and then look at some practical strategies to help you regain your energy, including one technique that delivers almost immediate results. Understanding Anxiety-Induced Fatigue Anxiety-induced fatigue is the result of the body's stress response, which is activated during anxious states. When we're anxious, our bodies release stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones are beneficial in short-term, fight-or-flight situations, but when anxiety is prolonged, they can lead to chronic energy depletion and disrupt normal bodily functions.Harvard Health Publishing. (2022). Understanding the stress response. Retrieved from https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/understanding-the-stress-response This constant hormone release not only interferes with sleep but also leads to further fatigue.Mayo Clinic. (2022). Stress symptoms: Effects on your body and behavior. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress-symptoms/art-20050987 Furthermore, chronic anxiety can cause a continuous mental load, where the mind is always 'on', consuming significant energy and leading to exhaustion. This persistent mental activity, especially when dealing with negative thoughts, drains our energy resources, contributing to fatigue.American Psychological Association. (2022). Stress effects on the body. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/topics/stress/body To combat this fatigue, understanding these mechanisms is crucial. Managing stress hormones through relaxation techniques and cognitive-behavioral strategies can help reduce the mental and physical toll of anxiety. Additionally, addressing sleep issues and optimizing nutrition can aid the body's recovery from this constant state of alertness.Sleep Foundation. (2022). The connection between stress and sleep. Retrieved from https://www.sleepfoundation.org/mental-health/stress-and-sleep,Nutrition Journal. (2021). The role of diet and nutrition on mental health and wellbeing. Retrieved from https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12937-021-00713-4 The Link Between Anxiety and Fatigue Anxiety and fatigue are intricately linked through both physiological and psychological pathways. When the body is in a state of anxiety, it's in a heightened state of alertness, which is physically and mentally exhausting. This continuous state of stress activates the body's sympathetic nervous system, leading to the release of stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. Over time, this can lead to adrenal fatigue, where the body's ability to manage stress diminishes, causing chronic tiredness​​.American Psychological Association. (2022). Stress effects on the body. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/topics/stress/body Psychologically, anxiety consumes a lot of mental energy. Constant worrying, overthinking, and being in a state of fear or nervousness take a toll on mental resources, leading to mental fatigue. This mental exhaustion can manifest as physical tiredness, as the body and mind are closely connected​​.Psychology Today. (2021). The connection between mental and physical health. Retrieved from https://www.

There are more than 400 large supplement companies and more than 1200 total supplement brands in the United States. So, what was it that made us jump at the chance to partner with Amare over all of the others? This will be the first in a series of (not consecutive) posts to help you understand why you will undoubtedly benefit from the products, and possibly benefit from the business opportunity. For today, I want you to understand why I felt certain we needed to put the full weight of our reputations and effort behind Amare. Filling a Gap in Health and Fitness 57.8 million adults in the U.S. faced mental illness in 2021. That’s nearly 1 in 5 adults. Since 2019, mental health diagnoses have increased by 45% in 35-44 year olds. Mental health wasn’t great before 2020, but then we were faced with social isolation, the constant threat of an unseen virus, gym closures, a worsening of people’s diets, kids being stuck at home, and financial stress. That's like a perfect recipe for wrecking people's mental health. To top it off, evidence now shows that the “vaccines,” which didn’t stop the spread, nor prevent infection, actually ruined people's gut microbiome, the body’s second brain. Is it any wonder that mental health seems to be at an all-time low? Clearly, mental health is a significant issue, even in people who appear to be fit and healthy. When you realize there’s a problem like this, the next logical step is to start looking for solutions. Helping Your Brain via Your Gut Over the last decade, an overwhelming amount of research has come out, pointing to the gut as the source of mental wellness or illness. Certain bacteria, fibers, and nutrients have been shown to have a significant impact on the health of your microbiome, but it isn’t as simple as eating yogurt once a day or taking a cheap probiotic. Even when I wrote my most recent probiotics article in 2019, I wasn’t aware of gut health products that included specific, clinically proven strains. Most just included general strains, which are less certain to deliver specific health benefits. In that article, I emphasized the importance of using specific, patented or branded strains with research-supported health benefits. Fast forward to a month ago, and we got introduced to Amare, The Mental Wellness Company. A company with products specifically designed to support mental wellness. In an overcrowded sea of supplement companies focused on fat loss, muscle growth, and performance enhancement, Amare set itself apart from the rest by focusing on something everyone needs: better mental wellness. But saying you’re good at something and backing it up with real science are two totally different things. I had to look for holes in the formulas and ingredients before I could buy into the brand. Carefully-Selected Ingredients One of the things that immediately stood out to me about Amare supplements was their extensive use of carefully-chosen and/or branded ingredients. For example, Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 is one of the specific strains included in MentaBiotics. The “R0011” is important because only this specific strain has clinical evidence showing it promotes a healthy stress response by lowering cortisol and improving GABA neurotransmission. A probiotic formula that just includes Lactobacillus rhamnosus cannot make such claims as the effects of a probiotic are strain-specific. It would be like the difference between saying your baseball team has players from Oshu, Japan, versus saying Shohei Ohtani plays for your baseball team (he’s the expected 2023 American League MVP). The bottom line is that the health benefit of a probiotic supplement lies in the specific strains, which is why the Amare probiotics are strain-specific. But it goes beyond the probiotics. The top-selling product, Happy Juice, includes a huge list of branded, research-backed ingredients, including IsoFiber™, Bimuno®, and SunFiber®, Suntheanine®,

According to the Census Bureau, almost one-third of adults reported symptoms of anxiety or depression in 2023. When they broke the statistics down by age group, they found that: 50% of 18-24 year olds 38% of 25-49 year olds 29.3% of 50-64 year olds 20% of those 65+ had symptoms of depression or anxiety in 2023.Forbes Health - "Anxiety Statistics" (2023) Link to source​. Mental health issues are slightly more prevalent in women than in men.Statista - "Anxiety symptoms among adults by gender U.S. 2023" (2023) Link to source​. The 35-44 year old age group had the highest increase in mental illness between 2019-2023, increasing from 31% to 45%.American Psychological Association (APA) - "Stress in America™ 2023: A nation grappling with psychological impacts" (2023) Link to source​. Generalized Anxiety Disorder is the most common of all mental health issues, affecting about 6.8 million people.Anxiety & Depression Association of America. (n.d.). Facts & Statistics. ADAA. Retrieved November 6, 2023, from https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/facts-statistics ​The good news is, if you're dealing with subpar mental health, you're not alone. There are a lot of people looking for ways to improve their mental wellness, and finding few answers. In many cases, the solution lies inside us, just as it does with our ability to manage weight and improve longevity. Article ShortcutsShifting the Paradigm in FitnessOverview of the "Unshakable" ProgramPart I: The Science Behind AnxietyThe Muscle-Gut-Brain ConnectionThe Role of Exercise in Managing AnxietyPart II: The Exercise ProgramTypes of Exercise to Combat AnxietyThe 12-Week Exercise PlanOverview of the 12 WeeksPart III: Nutrition for a Calmer MindEssential Nutrients for Managing AnxietyIncorporating Nutrient-Rich FoodsThe Anti-Anxiety DietSample Meal PlansPart IV: Supplements That Support Mental Well-beingHappy Juice: A Taste of OptimismAmare FundaMentals Pack: The Cornerstone of Mental Wellness NutritionIncorporating Amare into the 'Unshakable' ProgramPart V: Embracing Your Journey to Unshakable Well-BeingYour Next StepsEncouragement and Final Thoughts Shifting the Paradigm in Fitness For most of my career, I've focused on solutions to improve people's physical health and fitness. Often, but not always, clients would indirectly improve their mental well-being after making changes to improve their physical health. Often, but not always. As concerns about mental health have increased in recent years, it's made me reconsider how I approach a client's overall health and fitness program. After all, clients who feel mentally better are more likely to stay active, eat better, and follow through with their workout program. But that's just considering my clients. What about those who struggle enough with their mental health that they can't get themselves to commit to a program? How could I help them? Thinking through all this led me to a question I've used over and over the past 15 years. It's a question that comes from the book, The One Thing. What is the one thing I can do, such that by doing it, everything else will be easier or unnecessary? In this case, "What is the one thing I can do (to help clients improve their mental wellness), such that by doing it, everything else will be easier or unnecessary?" When I looked at the question this way, the answer came through loud and clear: Help them, lead them, guide them to improve gut health, which is the number one controllable factor affecting mental health. The gut commands an entire fleet of signaling substances, nerve-insulation materials, and ways of connecting. There is only one other organ in the body that can compete with the gut for diversity—the brain. Giulia Enders, Gut: The Inside Story of Our Body's Most Underrated Organ Clearly, improving one's gut health leads to a significant impact on overall health and fitness. But the solution goes beyond eating yogurt or taking a random probioti...

Did you know that approximately 1 in 5 adults in the United States experiences mental illness in a given year? That's a staggering 46.6 million people.National Institute of Mental Health, "Mental Illness." NIMH, website. What if you could significantly lower your risk of being part of that statistic with something as simple as building and maintaining muscle? A growing body of evidence suggests that strong muscles are vital for physical health and equally important for a healthy mind. Building muscle makes you feel happier, more focused, and less stressed. This article will uncover the science and physiology behind the fascinating and often overlooked connection between muscle health and mental health. Grab a protein shake, and let's dive into one of the most underappreciated aspects of holistic health: the muscle-mental health connection. The Biology of Muscles: A Brief Overview Muscles are biological machines—crafted from bundles of fibers, fueled by the foods you eat, and controlled by the impulses of your nervous system. But don't mistake them as mere pulleys that help you lift, push, or pull. Muscles are complex structures with roles that go far beyond everyday movement. Muscles are made up of specialized cells known as muscle fibers. These fibers are bundled in fascicles, which are then grouped together to form the muscle tissue you can see and feel. Each fiber is a powerhouse in itself, packed with tiny protein filaments that contract and expand to create movement.MacIntosh, B. R., Gardiner, P. F., & McComas, A. J. (2006). Skeletal Muscle: Form and Function. Human Kinetics. Functions Beyond Movement Apart from aiding in movement, muscles serve other critical functions. They act as metabolic factories, helping to regulate blood sugar levels. They store essential nutrients like glycogen for quick energy. Some muscles even produce hormones that communicate with other parts of the body. For example, myokines are compounds released by muscles during exercise, which have various beneficial effects on the body, including anti-inflammatory properties.Pedersen, B. K., & Febbraio, M. A. (2008). Muscle as an endocrine organ: Focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiological Reviews, 88(4), 1379-1406. Understanding this multifaceted role of muscles sets the stage for grasping their influence on mental health. It's not just about being able to bench press your body weight or sprint faster; it's about the symbiotic relationship between muscle health and your brain. Muscles, Neurotransmitters, and Hormones: A Partnership You've probably heard the phrase "endorphins make you happy." While it's a catchy saying, the truth is far more complex and captivating. Muscles, when exercised, do far more than release endorphins. They kick-start a biochemical cascade that influences various hormones and neurotransmitters, ultimately playing a crucial role in your mental state. Exercise and Neurotransmitter Production When you engage in physical activity, especially strength training, your muscles work hard, and in response, your body releases a medley of chemical compounds. Apart from endorphins, which serve as natural painkillers and mood elevators, other neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin get a boost.Chaouloff, F. (1989). Physical exercise and brain monoamines: A review. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 137(1), 1-13. They regulate mood, help with focus, and are instrumental in feeling pleasure. Dopamine is often associated with pleasure and reward, making you feel good when you achieve a goal, like hitting a new PR (personal record). Conversely, serotonin is crucial for mood regulation and has a calming, anxiety-reducing effect. A balance between these hormones is essential for mental well-being. What's fascinating is how muscle activity, especially resistance training, has been shown to improve neurotransmitter balance in a way that enhances mental health.Strickland, J. C., & Smith, M. A.

"I turned 40 and my hormones..." I've heard something like this over and over. Age takes the blame for hormone-related health problems, but is it really age that's to blame? No, it's one's nutrition and lifestyle choices. Some people still own pristine cars from the 50s and 60s because of the way they've cared for them. Others own cars that are just a few years old and look like junkers. Half a lifetime of poor diet and lifestyle choices compound until your body cannot counter those choices any longer. You see and feel their effects. The good news is that your body is far more resilient than a car is. When you stop sabotaging your hormones, you can restore your health within months to a year. If you're ready to stop blaming your hormones and start taking responsibility for your habits, take a look at these 29 causes of hormone imbalances and find out which ones you need to act on beginning today. 1. Excessive Carbohydrate Consumption Before you think, "I really don't eat that many carbs," think again. Most people I've met have said that, and yet, when I ask them what they ate in the days leading up to our conversation, they realize just how much of the food they eat is carbohydrate-heavy. Excessive carbohydrate consumption causes your pancreas to secrete more insulin, which helps regulate blood sugar levels. Over time, the cells in your muscles stop listening to the constantly high levels of insulin, a condition known as insulin resistance.Wright, E., Scism-Bacon, J. L., & Glass, L. C. (2018). Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: the role of fasting and postprandial glycaemia. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 60(3), 308–314. This causes your pancreas to release even more insulin, creating a vicious cycle. Insulin resistance is a precursor to conditions like type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). But that's not all. Elevated insulin levels can also impact other hormones, such as leptin, which regulates hunger.Myers, M. G., Leibel, R. L., Seeley, R. J., & Schwartz, M. W. (2010). Obesity and leptin resistance: distinguishing cause from effect. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 21(11), 643–651. Additionally, too much insulin can increase androgens, the so-called "male hormones" that can cause issues in both men and women. To make matters worse, increased insulin often leads to the storage of visceral fat, which is hormonally active and can further exacerbate hormonal imbalances.Tchernof, A., & Després, J. P. (2013). Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update. Physiological Reviews, 93(1), 359–404. 2. Not Eating Enough Protein Protein isn't just for bodybuilders; it's essential for everyone, especially when it comes to hormone health. Proteins are the building blocks of hormones, and a lack of it can directly affect the production of crucial hormones like insulin, growth hormone, and even sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone.Pasiakos, S. M. (2015). Metabolic advantages of higher protein diets and benefits of dairy foods on weight management, glycemic regulation, and bone. Journal of Food Science, 80(S1), A2–A7. Not eating enough protein can also destabilize your blood sugar levels, making your body produce excessive insulin.Belobrajdic, D. P., & Bird, A. R. (2013). The potential role of phytochemicals in wholegrain cereals for the prevention of type-2 diabetes. Nutrition Journal, 12(1), 62. A study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism found that low protein intake was associated with decreased thyroid hormone levels.Jung, C. H., Choi, K. M., & Jung, S. H. (2018). The relationship between protein intake and thyroid hormone. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 103(2), 626–635. Lower thyroid levels can lead to a slow metabolism, weight gain, and fatigue. Additionally, adequate protein intake influences appetite-related hormones like ghrelin and GLP-1, helping you feel full and satisfied.

When writing about health and fitness, I often weave hormones into the discussion. I'm asked more about hormones than most other topics, as well. But there's another crucial category of communicators that deserves equal attention: neurotransmitters. These chemicals have a massive influence on how you feel, think, and even how you perform. They're often overlooked in mainstream health discussions, but understanding them can be a game-changer for your well-being. In this guide, we will dig deep into neurotransmitters: what they are, how they're different from hormones, and why you should care about them for your overall health. The Difference Between Hormones and Neurotransmitters Hormones are like the body's long-distance messengers. Produced by glands in the endocrine system, they travel through the bloodstream to deliver signals to various tissues and organs.Marieb, E. N., & Hoehn, K. (2018). Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th ed.). Pearson. They're behind a lot of what happens in your body, from controlling your metabolism to regulating your sleep cycles. Neurotransmitters, on the other hand, are more like local couriers. They operate mainly in the brain, helping neurons communicate with each other.Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., & Jessell, T. M. (2000). Principles of Neural Science (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. Unlike hormones, they don't travel long distances. They make their impact in the tiny spaces between neurons, called synapses, and their effects are often immediate. Key Differences Speed of Action: Neurotransmitters work fast, almost instantly. Hormones usually take more time to show their effects. Range of Influence: Hormones can affect multiple systems throughout the body. Neurotransmitters usually have a more localized impact, especially within the brain. Regulatory Mechanisms: Hormones are typically regulated by feedback loops involving multiple organs. Neurotransmitters are primarily regulated within the nervous system. How Neurotransmitters Impact Your Health Physical Health Dopamine and norepinephrine aren't just about feeling good; they're about energy optimization. These neurotransmitters act in the brain's arousal system, influencing both wakefulness and alertness. Low levels can lead to symptoms akin to chronic fatigue syndrome, affecting not just your mood but also your physical stamina.Tumilty, S., et al. (2018). The effects of norepinephrine on hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism in hyperdynamic sepsis. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, 33(6), 357-364. Physical Performance Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that you might not have heard of, but it's crucial for anyone interested in physical performance. It acts as the messenger between your nerves and muscles, facilitating the contraction that allows for movement. A deficiency in acetylcholine can lead to muscle weakness and decreased athletic performance.Deschenes, M. R., & Wilson, M. H. (2003). Age-related differences in synaptic plasticity following muscle unloading. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 58(8), B678-B687. Mental Health When it comes to mood regulation, serotonin and dopamine are the big players. An imbalance in serotonin levels has been directly linked to mood disorders like depression and anxiety. Dopamine also plays a role in how we perceive pleasure and reward, which impacts our emotional well-being.Wise, R. A. (2004). Dopamine, learning and motivation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(6), 483-494. Acetylcholine doesn't just affect your muscles; it's also vital for your brain. It plays a significant role in attention, learning, and memory. Studies have found that decreased acetylcholine levels are associated with cognitive impairments, including those seen in Alzheimer's disease.Schliebs, R., & Arendt, T. (2011). The cholinergic system in aging and neuronal degeneration. Behavioural Brain Research, 221(2), 555-563.

Water fasting has become a buzzword in the world of health and fitness. It makes headlines, is the focus of online challenges, and has plenty of social media influencers framing it up as a "health hack." But is it a miracle cure-all, an overhyped fad, or something in between? In today's society, where quick fixes are often sought after but seldom effective, it's crucial to separate fact from fiction. This article aims to provide you with a comprehensive, science-backed look into the practice of water fasting. We'll delve into its history, the underlying physiology, and the potential benefits and risks. We'll also take a look at the popular belief that water fasting is a powerful detoxifying solution, and offer some practical alternatives for those who find water fasting too extreme or risky. Oh, and if you were wondering, I do not recommend multiple-day water fasts for reasons that should soon be obvious. However, there are plenty of people interested in doing one. Whether you're contemplating your first fast or are a seasoned faster looking for more information, this article is your go-to guide for understanding the truth about water fasting. History of Fasting Fasting is far from a modern-day concept. In fact, it's one of the oldest therapeutic practices known to mankind, deeply rooted in various cultures and religions. From the Biblical accounts of Jesus fasting in the desert to the sacred Islamic practice of Ramadan, fasting has been heralded for its spiritual and physical benefits for millennia. In recent years, however, fasting has made a resurgence, not just as a religious or cultural practice, but as a scientifically-backed approach to improving health. Modern-day fasting is often stripped of its spiritual origins, rebranded under various names like intermittent fasting, time-restricted eating, and of course, water fasting. But whether it's an ancient ritual or a 21st-century health trend, the core concept remains the same: abstaining from food for a period of time to achieve a specific outcome. What Is Water Fasting? Water fasting is a form of voluntary food deprivation where one abstains from all forms of food and caloric beverages, consuming only water for a set period. Unlike other forms of fasting, where certain foods or some calories may still be allowed, water fasting is more restrictive. It aims to bring the body into a state where it relies on stored fat and other reserves for energy, rather than incoming food. There are different types of water fasting, each with its own set of rules and durations: Short-Term Water Fasting: Lasts for 24 to 72 hours and is generally considered safe for most healthy adults. Extended Water Fasting: Goes beyond 72 hours and should only be done under medical supervision. Periodic Water Fasting: Involves shorter fasts done repeatedly over a longer period, like once a week or once a month. While water fasting may seem extreme to some, it's essential to understand how it differs from other types of fasting. Unlike intermittent fasting, where eating windows and fasting periods are defined but caloric intake is not restricted, water fasting requires complete abstinence from calories. This results in a deeper fasting state, triggering unique physiological responses. The Science Behind Water Fasting Understanding the physiological changes that occur during water fasting is crucial for grasping both its benefits and risks. When you abstain from food, several processes kick in to sustain your body's energy requirements. Glycogen Depletion: Initially, your body taps into glycogen stores in the liver and muscles for energy. However, these stores are limited and deplete within about 24 hours.Cahill, G. F., Jr. (2006). Fuel metabolism in starvation. Annual Review of Nutrition, 26, 1-22. Ketosis: As glycogen stores run out, the body starts breaking down fats to produce ketones, a secondary source of energy.Veech, R. L. (2004).

We're in the midst of a testosterone crisis. Alarmingly, the average levels of this crucial male hormone have been plummeting, with one seminal study reporting a staggering 1% annual decline in average testosterone levels since the late 20th century.Travison, T. G., Araujo, A. B., O'Donnell, A. B., Kupelian, V., & McKinlay, J. B. (2007). A population-level decline in serum testosterone levels in American men. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92(1), 196-202. This decline isn't just a number; it's a reality affecting men's health, well-being, and quality of life. Lower testosterone levels have been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, decreased muscle mass, diminished cognitive function, and even a reduced lifespan.Araujo, A. B., Esche, G. R., Kupelian, V., O'Donnell, A. B., Travison, T. G., Williams, R. E., ... & McKinlay, J. B. (2007). Prevalence of symptomatic androgen deficiency in men. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92(11), 4241-4247. So, to call it a "crisis" is no exaggeration at all. You're in the right place if you're concerned about low testosterone or suspect you may be part of this growing trend. This article breaks down the 17 leading causes of low testosterone—all supported by scientific evidence. It's actionable, understandable information that you can use to take charge of your health. 1. Aging By the time you hit 30, your testosterone levels could start to decline by around 1% each year.Harman, S. M., Metter, E. J., Tobin, J. D., Pearson, J., & Blackman, M. R. (2001). Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 86(2), 724-731. Why does this happen? Simply put, it's due to a slowdown in testicular function coupled with a decrease in the responsiveness to luteinizing hormone (LH). LH acts like a messenger, telling your testes to produce testosterone. As you age, this messaging system gets a bit sluggish, causing the testes to produce less testosterone.Wu, F. C., Tajar, A., Pye, S. R., Silman, A. J., Finn, J. D., O'Neill, T. W., ... & Lean, M. E. (2008). Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: the European Male Aging Study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 93(7), 2737-2745. A 1% drop might not sound like much initially, but consider this: by the time you're 50, you could be looking at a decline of 20% or more. That's significant. Lower testosterone levels can lead to diminished energy, less muscle mass, a decreased sex drive, and even mood swings. Over time, this could affect your quality of life. You can't stop the clock, but you can buffer its effects. Supplements, nutrition, and exercise can all slow the loss significantly, but an intense resistance training program is one of the most effective.Vingren, J. L., Kraemer, W. J., Ratamess, N. A., Anderson, J. M., Volek, J. S., & Maresh, C. M. (2010). Testosterone physiology in resistance exercise and training. Sports Medicine, 40(12), 1037-1053. 2. Excess Body Fat When it comes to testosterone, carrying excess weight is like a double-edged sword. On one end, body fat—especially abdominal fat—contains an enzyme called aromatase that converts testosterone into estrogen, the primary female sex hormone.Cooke, P. S., Nanjappa, M. K., Ko, C., Prins, G. S., & Hess, R. A. (2017). Estrogens in Male Physiology. Physiological reviews, 97(3), 995–1043. So the more fat you have, the more of your limited testosterone is converted into estrogen. This inevitably leads to even lower levels of free testosterone in the body. On the other end, low testosterone can lead to an increase in body fat, setting off a self-perpetuating cycle. Lower testosterone levels slow your metabolism and decrease muscle mass, making it easier to gain body fat.Saad, F., Aversa, A., Isidori, A. M., & Gooren, L. J. (2011).

Do you sometimes feel down and wish you could boost your mood? You're not alone. Many people are looking for ways to feel better, mentally and physically. That's where "hope molecules" come in. While it's not a term scientists use, it helps us discuss some special brain chemicals. These chemicals, like endorphins and dopamine, have a big say in how you feel each day. What if you could understand these brain chemicals better? What if you knew how to get more of these feel-good molecules naturally? Scientists have been looking into these questions for years.Kringelbach, M. L., & Berridge, K. C. (2017). Pleasure, happiness, and the brain. Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Emotion, 4, 329-344.,Rothman, R. B., Baumann, M. H., Dersch, C. M., Romero, D. V., Rice, K. C., Carroll, F. I., & Partilla, J. S. (2019). How stimulants affect the brain. Synapse, 39(1), 32-41. In this article, we'll talk about these special chemicals one by one. We'll discuss what Hope Molecules do, why you might not have enough of them, and how you can get more through what you eat, exercise, and supplement your diet. We'll also cover lifestyle factors that influence them the most. All of this is based on real science to help you take steps to feel better. What are "Hope Molecules"? The term "hope molecules" is a memorable way to discuss a group of critical neurotransmitters in our brain. Based on how they work, you'll find that the term "Hope Molecule" is an appropriate term to describe them. These are the biochemical messengers that significantly influence our emotions and overall well-being. When you're feeling good, chances are your levels of these particular molecules are balanced. On the flip side, imbalances can lead to feelings of stress, unhappiness, or even physical discomfort. The key players in this biochemical dance are: Endorphins: Often referred to as natural painkillers, endorphins elevate your mood and can even produce a sense of euphoria. Dopamine: This neurotransmitter acts like a reward system for your brain, providing feelings of pleasure and satisfaction. Oxytocin: Commonly known as the "love hormone," oxytocin strengthens social bonds and enhances feelings of trust and empathy. Serotonin: This molecule contributes to your sense of happiness and well-being, and it also plays a role in regulating your sleep and appetite. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF): This unique molecule supports the health of your brain cells and improves cognitive functions like learning and memory. In the following sections, we’ll delve into each of these neurotransmitters in detail. We’ll explore their roles, why you might be lacking in them, and how to naturally boost their levels through lifestyle choices like diet and exercise. And rest assured, every point is supported by credible scientific research to guide you in making informed decisions.Gold, P. E. (2015). The role of acetylcholine in learning and memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 104, 3-10.,Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2018). What is resilience? European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25338. Endorphins: The Uplifting Hope Molecule Endorphins are the first of the Hope Molecules we'll look at. They are primarily produced in the pituitary gland and released into the bloodstream during moments of stress and pain. They act on the opiate receptors in your brain, much like morphine or other prescription painkillers, but without the addictive qualities.Akil, H., Watson, S. J., Young, E., Lewis, M. E., Khachaturian, H., & Walker, J. M. (1984). Endogenous opioids: biology and function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 7(1), 223-255. Their primary role is to inhibit the transmission of pain signals and promote a sense of euphoria. Causes of Endorphin Deficiency Chronic Stress: When stress becomes a long-term companion, your body prioritizes releasing stress hormones like cortisol over mood...

Muscle loss is a common yet preventable part of the aging process. As we age, muscle mass naturally decreases due to a decrease in physical activity and slowed metabolism. This process is known as sarcopenia, and it can have long-term health implications if not addressed. In this article, we'll discuss the importance of muscle, why it's so difficult to build in the first place, and how to prevent age-related muscle loss. The Importance of Muscle Preservation Higher levels of muscle mass offer myriad health benefits. One significant advantage is that muscles act as metabolic powerhouses. They burn calories even when we're at rest, helping to maintain optimal body weight and prevent obesity.Wolfe, RR. "The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease." The American journal of clinical nutrition 84.3 (2006): 475-482. Muscle tissue also plays a pivotal role in improving insulin sensitivity, reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes.Srikanthan, Preethi, and Arun S. Karlamangla. "Relative muscle mass is inversely associated with insulin resistance and prediabetes. Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey." The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96.9 (2011): 2898-2903. The greater the muscle mass, the more glucose our bodies utilize, reducing the chance of diabetes development. For mobility, muscle mass contributes to better balance and stability, which becomes crucial as we age.Landi, Francesco, et al. "Sarcopenia as the biological substrate of physical frailty." Clinics in geriatric medicine 31.3 (2015): 367-374. This enhanced stability reduces the likelihood of falls and injuries, contributing to a longer and healthier life. Muscles also regulate our body's response to inflammation and infection. A study by Johns Hopkins University found that individuals with solid muscle mass had a stronger immune response.Fiuza-Luces, Carmen, et al. "Exercise is the real polypill." Physiology 28.5 (2013): 330-358. Moreover, preserving muscle mass aids in maintaining mental well-being. Research reveals a strong correlation between muscle strength and improved mood, reduced anxiety, and decreased instances of depression.Gordon, Brett R., et al. "Association of efficacy of resistance exercise training with depressive symptoms meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of randomized clinical trials." JAMA psychiatry 75.6 (2018): 566-576. So, muscle mass is not just about physical strength and aesthetics but a keystone of our overall health and longevity. Why Is It So Difficult to Build Muscle? Muscle hypertrophy, or the increase in muscle mass, is a complex process that becomes increasingly difficult as we age. This phenomenon is orchestrated by several factors, including hormones, proteins, and our bodies' connective tissues. Testosterone and growth hormone are two crucial players in muscle building. These hormones function like biochemical foremen, directing the construction and repair of muscle tissue. Testosterone promotes protein synthesis, the process by which the body uses dietary protein to build new muscle fibers.West, D. W., & Phillips, S. M. (2012). Associations of exercise-induced hormone profiles and gains in strength and hypertrophy in a large cohort after weight training. European journal of applied physiology, 112(7), 2693-2702. On the other hand, growth hormone stimulates cell growth and regeneration, playing an integral part in muscle repair and recovery.Devesa, J., Almengló, C., & Devesa, P. (2016). Multiple effects of growth hormone in the body: Is it really the hormone for growth?. Clinical medicine insights. Endocrinology and diabetes, 9, Cmed-88159. However, with advancing age, our bodies naturally produce less of these hormones. This reduction results in slower muscle growth and recovery, making muscle building more challenging.Pritzlaff, C. J., Wideman, L., Weltman, J. Y., Abbott, R. D., Gutgesell, M. E., Hartman, M. L., ... & Weltman, A.

Hypothyroidism is not your garden-variety health issue where you pop a pill and call it a day. Far from it. Low thyroid is often billed as a "silent epidemic," mainly because some of the symptoms get written off as the cost of a hectic lifestyle or simply getting older. You’ve no doubt heard about the usual low thyroid symptoms—fatigue, weight gain, and cold sensitivity. Those get all the attention, but they're merely the tip of the iceberg. Why does this matter? Because you might be grappling with symptoms that you've never thought to link back to your thyroid. That's a big deal. Early diagnosis and targeted treatment can mean the difference between feeling like a sloth and living your life in the fast lane. And let's be real, who wants to be a sloth when you could be a cheetah? Oh, and just so you know, I'm speaking from experience. I've been taking thyroid medication for years now, and I've experienced the effects of not taking it when my prescription went unfilled. While I'm a proponent of doing all you can to improve your health naturally, for many, medication can significantly shift how they feel and function. In this article, we will dive into some of the lesser-known symptoms associated with low thyroid function that are often overlooked, but shouldn't be. Understanding these could be your ticket to reclaiming your health. Constipation or Bowel Irregularity Recently, a guy I know asked for guidance on how he could improve his regularity. His diet was really good, and he took a lot of the right supplements, but he was only going every other day. My first thought was that it could be a thyroid issue. But that's rarely what people think of when it comes to thyroid. Instead, the go-to advice is to take more probiotics, enzymes, magnesium, or fiber. But none of those solutions work well if someone's hypothyroid. Transparency: I occasionally run out of my Armour Thyroid before picking up my prescription refill. As I'm writing this, I've been out of my prescription for six days. It's had a significant effect on my digestive system, too. Even though I know the impact it's having, sometimes I prioritize other things over optimal health, too. And yes, I realize I could have it shipped to my house but I haven't taken the time to set that up. 😀 Thyroid hormones, namely thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are critical for gastrointestinal motility. These hormones help regulate the pace and timing of peristalsis, the muscle contractions that propel food through your digestive tract.Saad, R. J., & Chey, W. D. (2006). "Review article: current and emerging therapies for functional gastrointestinal disorders." Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 24(3), 475-492. [doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03020.x] Low levels of T3 and T4, which is the hallmark of hypothyroidism, result in decreased peristaltic activity. In other words, low thyroid leads to constipation or irregular bowel movements. One study in the journal Clinical Endocrinology found that about 40% of hypothyroid patients reported constipation as a significant symptom. Forty percent!Kumar, P., Arora, S., & Sharma, S. (2017). "Prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with chronic constipation." Clinical Endocrinology, 87(5), 557-563. [doi:10.1111/cen.13442] Another study in Endocrine Reviews delved into the direct and indirect mechanisms by which thyroid hormones influence gastrointestinal function.Bassotti, G., & Gastroenterology, E. (2008). "Thyroid disease and the gastrointestinal tract." Endocrine Reviews, 29(6), 652-658. [doi:10.1210/er.2008-0004] Ignoring a sluggish bowel isn't wise. Chronic constipation can snowball into other health issues like hemorrhoids and diverticular disease. It's a path you'd rather not tread. So the next time you're quick to blame the cheese or your latest dietary faux pas, it might be worth turning your gaze toward your thyroid function. Elevated Cholesterol

In a world swamped with dietary advice, fads, and conflicting information, making sound nutritional choices can feel like navigating a nutritional minefield. Enter the carnivore diet—a way of eating that champions meat and animal products, often hailing high protein as its prime asset. For some, it's a counterintuitive approach that stands against conventional wisdom, while for others, it's a refreshing return to nutritional basics. The modern diet landscape is a battlefield of contradictions. On one side, you have a bombardment of plant-based diets praised for their supposed health benefits. On the other side, you see an alarming overconsumption of carbohydrates—those sneaky sugars hiding in processed foods and even in so-called "healthy" meal choices. The carnivore diet positions itself as a response to these trends, offering an alternative route that emphasizes the primal, biological needs of our bodies. Is it a dietary savior or a nutritional heresy? This article aims to explore this fascinating diet from the angle that a high-protein approach can be incredibly beneficial and that many plant-based foods, though heralded as healthful, may indeed disrupt the gut. We'll dig into the nuts and bolts (or should I say steaks and ribs?) of the carnivore diet, uncovering the potential benefits for muscle maintenance, metabolic health, and autoimmune alleviation. But we'll also probe into the potential downsides and explore other paths to optimal health that don't strictly require a carnivore approach. Get ready to sink your teeth into a topic that's meatier than most. Welcome to the carnivore diet: a comprehensive exploration of the pros, cons, and everything in between. The Benefits of High-Protein Diets To a large extent, the benefits of a carnivore diet can be attributed to the fact that it's a high-protein diet. I've written extensively about the health benefits of a high-protein diet before, so I'll just briefly review them here. Muscle Maintenance and Growth When it comes to building and maintaining muscle, protein is the undisputed king. Our bodies require amino acids, the building blocks of protein, to repair and grow muscle tissue, especially after strenuous workouts or during periods of growth. A 2011 study found that dietary protein supplementation significantly enhanced changes in muscle strength and size during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in healthy adults.Phillips, S. M., et al. (2011). Dietary protein for athletes: From requirements to optimum adaptation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(sup1), S29-S38. Another study showed higher protein intake promotes muscle hypertrophy during resistance training.Kim, I. Y., et al. (2016). Protein intake and muscle health in old age: From biological plausibility to clinical evidence. Nutrients, 8(5), 295. Even without resistance training, a higher-protein diet can help you maintain muscle if you're sedentary or you're experiencing age-related muscle loss. Metabolic Health Protein is not just for bodybuilders; it's essential for metabolic health too. The thermic effect of food (TEF) refers to the energy expended in digesting, absorbing, and processing nutrients, and protein has the highest TEF among macronutrients. A high-protein diet has been shown to boost metabolism by 80 to 100 calories per day compared to lower-protein diets.Johnston, C. S., et al. (2002). Postprandial thermogenesis is increased 100% on a high-protein, low-fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in healthy, young women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 21(1), 55-61. Such an increase in metabolic rate can lead to substantial improvements in overall metabolic function. Satiety and Weight Management Ever find yourself hungry soon after a meal? You might want to look at your protein intake. Protein has been shown to reduce feelings of hunger more than fats or carbs, potentially aiding in weight management.

You've been hitting the gym regularly, maintaining a balanced diet, and following all the best advice from your favorite health gurus, but you're not quite seeing the results you've expected. Have you ever thought, "Is it just my genes?" Have you ever told someone else that your current state of health is just genetic? If so, you're certainly not alone. I heard it all the time when I worked on-on-one with clients as a personal trainer. Many people question why they can't bulk up or slim down as quickly as their friends or why some people can eat all they want without gaining a pound. Is it truly down to genes, or is there more to it? In this article, I will guide you through the complex interplay between our DNA and our fitness levels. By the end of this read, you'll have a newfound understanding of why we are the way we are and, more importantly, what you can do about it. Together, we'll explore fascinating scientific research and dive into topics like how genes can influence physical traits relevant to fitness, the impact of genetics on how our bodies respond to exercise, and the never-ending "nature vs. nurture" debate. Genetics and Fitness 101 You might've breezed through high school biology, nodding along when the teacher mentioned DNA, genes, and chromosomes. But let's face it, back then, you probably didn’t imagine you'd be revisiting the topic in the context of your gym routine. So, let's roll up our sleeves and demystify the relationship between your genetics and fitness. The Basics of Genetics First things first: What exactly is genetics? At its core, genetics is the study of genes, the segments of DNA that provide the instructions for making proteins in our bodies. Think of your genes as the blueprint, the original plan that determines everything from your eye color to, yes, certain aspects of your fitness profile.Ridley, M. (2006). Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters. Harper Perennial. Every cell in your body contains DNA, and every DNA molecule comprises two strands that twist together to form a shape we often refer to as the 'double helix.' This DNA is broken down into units called genes. Imagine your DNA as a cookbook and genes as individual recipes. They dictate how things should be constructed and function. How Genetics Can Influence Fitness Levels Now, the juicy part: how do these genes affect our fitness? Your genes can influence many factors related to your physical capabilities. For example, a study published in the Journal of Applied Physiology found that individuals with certain genetic markers were more predisposed to have a higher percentage of slow-twitch muscle fibers. These fibers are essential for endurance sports like marathon running.Costill, D. L., Daniels, J., Evans, W., Fink, W., Krahenbuhl, G., & Saltin, B. (1976). Skeletal muscle enzymes and fiber composition in male and female track athletes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 40(2), 149-154. Conversely, some genetic markers indicate a higher percentage of fast-twitch muscle fibers. If you've ever marveled at the explosive power of sprinters or weightlifters, you can bet that fast-twitch muscle fibers play a significant role in their prowess. Real-life Examples of Genetic Factors Affecting Fitness To make this even clearer, let's discuss some real-world examples. Have you heard of the ACE gene? Research published in the European Journal of Applied Physiology points to the fact that individuals with a specific variant of the ACE gene might have an edge in endurance events. On the other hand, a different variant of the same gene is linked to strengths in power and sprint activities.Myerson, S., Hemingway, H., Budget, R., Martin, J., Humphries, S., & Montgomery, H. (1999). Human angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene and endurance performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 80(3), 224-230. Another interesting gene is ACTN3. This particular gene has been dubbed the "sprint ...

Over the past couple of decades in working with men and women, I've consistently seen that women benefit from cardio more than men. Most of the time, when a guy starts eating better and lifts weights, he gets leaner. However, I've noticed that for most women, to get leaner, they need to do some cardio in addition to their resistance training. While I don't have specific research to back it up, I've found that women do best when they split up their resistance training and cardio between a 50/50 and 70/30 weight training to cardio mix. That's why Resilient works so well for women, whereas Vigorous works better for men (you can read more about my training programs here: VIGOR Training). With that said, there is research to support the idea that women need to do some cardio in addition to lifting weights. That's what we'll focus on in this article. What do you mean by "cardio" or "aerobic exercise?" Aerobic exercise is any physical activity you can perform for an extended period of time, that gets your heart rate up, and increases blood flow to your muscles. Think running, swimming, cycling, or even dancing. These exercises utilize oxygen to fuel your body, providing a sustained energy source that helps you go the distance. When you perform aerobic exercise, you burn primarily fat. Anaerobic exercise, on the other hand, is an intense physical activity you can perform for a limited period of time. Anaerobic exercise relies primarily on carbohydrates or glucose (sugar) for fuel. So, cardio can be aerobic or anaerobic, depending on the activity and your level of fitness. That brings us to heart rate zones, a way for you to use your heart rate to estimate whether you're workout is more aerobic or anaerobic so you get the most benefit from the time you put into it. I should also mention that heart rate zones do not apply to strength training. They're only useful when doing cardio. Heart Rate Zones To maximize the benefits of your cardio workouts, it's important to understand heart rate zones. These zones represent different intensity levels of exercise, measured as a percentage of your maximum heart rate (MHR), which varies with age. Determining your maximum heart rate (MHR) is key to effectively utilizing heart rate zones in your training. Here are two common ways to find it: The Age-Based Method: This is the most straightforward method and simply requires some basic math. The formula is 220-age=MHR. For example, if you're 30 years old, your estimated MHR would be 190 beats per minute (BPM). However, keep in mind this is a rough estimate and individual rates can vary.Tanaka, H., Monahan, K. D., & Seals, D. R. (2001). Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 37(1), 153-156. Max Heart Rate Test: This is a more accurate method, but it's also more demanding and should only be performed if you're in good health and ideally under professional supervision. Here's how it generally works: Start with a warm-up of light cardio, like jogging or cycling, for about 10-15 minutes. Gradually increase your intensity until you're working as hard as you can. When you reach your maximum effort (when you can't go any harder or faster), note your heart rate. This is your MHR. You can measure your heart rate using a heart rate monitor, a fitness tracker, or manually at your wrist or neck. Remember, this test is demanding, so it's important to listen to your body and stop if you feel dizzy, lightheaded, or excessively breathless.Robergs, R. A., & Landwehr, R. (2002). The surprising history of the “HRmax= 220-age” equation. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 5(2), 1-10. There are five zones, each with its unique characteristics: Zone 1 (50-60% MHR): This is the very light-intensity zone. Activities in this zone feel effortless, like a leisurely walk. Your body primarily uses fats as an energy source and you can maintain this activity level for hour...

You reach for your multivitamins and fish oil each morning, a habit ingrained in your routine. You've heard the benefits, you've read about them, and you believe they're helping you avoid disease, slowing the impact of aging, and helping you maintain better mental health. But when you squint at the labels, hoping to read about the health benefits that'll motivate you to keep taking them, you find that the language is indirect. Even weak. Are they tiptoeing around something? Yes, they are. And that something is a substantial piece of legislation called the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA). This act determines the dance between the world of scientific research and the health claims that supplement companies can make. You might not be interested in laws and legislation, but if you're interested in using products that support optimal health, you should understand what high-quality, professional supplements can and cannot say on labels and marketing materials. That way, you won't think a great product is subpar, just because it doesn't claim to impact your health the same way its supporting research says it will. Stay with me as we demystify the gap between what you hear in the bustling grapevine of supplement research and what you read on the label of your trusty bottle of pills. The History and Purpose of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) Back in 1994, consumers were just starting to realize the potential benefits of nutritional supplements and fought hard to protect their right to access them.Hilmas, C. J., Gillette, S. M., & Mullins, M. E. (2008). Herbal remedies: the design of a new course in pharmacy. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 72(6), Article 136. doi:10.5688/aj7206136 This was when the DSHEA was born. Born out of a need to define and regulate the rapidly growing supplement industry, the DSHEA was more than just a new rule in the rule book. It was a landmark law that drew a clear line between foods (and supplements) and drugs.Scott, J., & Rountree, R. (1998). The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994. Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 4(3), 230-235. doi:10.1089/act.1998.4.230 The birth of DSHEA wasn't a simple process, and it wasn't born in a vacuum. Its creation was a collaboration between lawmakers, supplement companies, consumers, and medical professionals.Dickinson, A., & MacKay, D. (2004). Health habits and other characteristics of dietary supplement users: a review. Nutrition Journal, 13(14), 2. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-14 Each had their interest and their voice in crafting this critical piece of legislation. Some noteworthy figures who played instrumental roles include: Senator Orrin Hatch: A Republican Senator from Utah, Hatch represented a state where many prominent dietary supplement companies are based. He was a stalwart supporter of the industry, and his influence was pivotal in crafting and pushing the DSHEA through Congress.Brownie S. (2005). The politics of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act. American Journal of Public Health, 95(3), 437–446. Senator Tom Harkin: A Democrat from Iowa, he was influenced by his personal experiences with dietary supplements, which he believed had helped him with his allergies.Gostin LO. (1994). Dietary Supplements and Health Promotion or Disease Prevention. JAMA, 272(16), 1283–1284. Congressman Bill Richardson: A Congressman from New Mexico who introduced the companion bill in the House of Representatives, which eventually became the DSHEA. Gerald Kessler: Founder of Nature's Plus supplements. Kessler was a critical industry voice who championed the rights of supplement companies, working closely with Senators Hatch and Harkin in the formulation of DSHEA. These figures, along with many others, created a law that could strike a balance between the consumer's right to access dietary supplements and the need for appropriate regulation and safety.

Every once in a while, my computer bogs down. Everything I do takes longer than it should. Some programs don't even work. When that happens, I do a forced shutdown and reboot the computer. A few minutes later, it runs like new. You can do the same thing for your brain. Rather than trying to think and do things with a fraction of your cognitive abilities, you can reboot your brain with a ten-minute power nap. Some of the world's leading companies encourage employees to sleep during their workday. For several years, companies like Google, Zappos, and Uber have had designated nap spaces and "nap pods" to help their workforce refresh their minds at midday.Costa, D. (2017). "Should Employers Encourage Power Naps?" Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from hbr.org And no, they aren't doing this to be 'cool' or 'hip.' There's a science-backed reason behind it. This midday snooze isn't your typical slumber; it's a 'power nap.' You might be wondering: "What is a power nap?" A power nap, as the name implies, is a short bout of sleep designed to quickly rejuvenate your brain, leaving you more alert, focused, and yes, more productive.Dhand, R., & Sohal, H. (2006). "Good sleep, bad sleep! The role of daytime naps in healthy adults." Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. Retrieved from journals.lww.com Reports indicate that after incorporating power naps into their daily routine, employees at these forward-thinking companies have seen noticeable improvements in job performance, creativity, and overall job satisfaction. This is where the power of a power nap truly shines. In this article, we'll dive into the amazing brain-rebooting benefits of power naps, explore how long a power nap should ideally be, and discuss what happens to your brain during this period of rest. Along the way, we'll make sure you're armed with evidence-based knowledge so you can optimize your own routine for peak performance. As always, keep the conversation going: Ask a question or leave a comment. What is a Power Nap? To put it simply, a power nap is a brief sleep that occurs during waking hours. But there's a bit more to it than that. Scientifically speaking, a power nap isn't about catching up on lost sleep or lazily dozing off during a dull meeting.Mednick, S., & Ehrman, M. (2006). "Take a Nap! Change Your Life." Workman Publishing. It's a strategic, short sleep that's meant to revive your mental sharpness.Dinges, D. F., Pack, F., Williams, K., Gillen, K. A., Powell, J. W., Ott, G. E., Aptowicz, C., & Pack, A. I. (1995). "Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4-5 hours per night." Sleep, 20(4), 267-277. A power nap can last anywhere between 10 to 30 minutes. The key here is to keep it 'short.' Why? Because if you nap for too long, you risk entering the deeper stages of sleep, which can leave you groggy and disoriented when you wake up. This phenomenon is known as sleep inertia. Think of a power nap as a pit stop for your brain—a quick, but effective pause in the midst of your daily race. Just like how a quick fuel top-up can help a racing car run more efficiently, a power nap is meant to recharge your brain, so you can zoom through the rest of your day with mental clarity and agility.Gillberg, M., Kecklund, G., Axelsson, J., & Akerstedt, T. (1996). "The effects of a short daytime nap after restricted night sleep." Sleep, 19(7), 570-575. In the following sections, we'll delve into the science behind power naps and their benefits, and answer the question that's probably lingering on your mind: "How long should a power nap be?" The Science Behind Power Naps When you lay your head down for a power nap, what exactly happens to your brain? The answer lies in the unique architecture of sleep. Sleep comprises cycles, each including various stages, from light sleep to deep sleep and the dream-infused Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep.Carskadon,