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- How is ocean acidification measured and monitored? 11
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- What are the main causes and drivers of ocean acidification? 13
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- How does ocean acidification affect marine life and ecosystems? 16
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Chapter 1: The chemistry and physics of ocean acidification- The concepts and mechanisms of ocean acidification: carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate, carbonate, etc. 18
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- The types and characteristics of ocean acidification: pH, alkalinity, saturation state, etc. 21
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- The factors and drivers of ocean acidification: atmospheric carbon dioxide, ocean circulation, biological activity, etc. 24
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- The feedbacks and interactions of ocean acidification with other climate factors: temperature, salinity, oxygen, etc. 26
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Chapter 2: The trends and patterns of ocean acidification- The methods and data of assessing and predicting ocean acidification: observations, reconstructions, projections, etc. 28
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- The global and regional distribution and variation of ocean acidification: spatial and temporal patterns, hotspots and outliers, etc. 31
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- The scenarios and uncertainties of ocean acidification: emission scenarios, model uncertainties, extreme events, etc. 33
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- The attribution and detection of ocean acidification: natural and anthropogenic causes, signal and noise, etc. 35
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Chapter 3: The impacts and risks of ocean acidification on calcifying organisms- The concepts and indicators of impacts and risks of ocean acidification on calcifying organisms: calcification, dissolution, growth, survival, etc. 38
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- The methods and tools of evaluating and managing impacts and risks of ocean acidification on calcifying organisms: laboratory experiments, field studies, meta-analyses, etc. 41
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- The examples and case studies of impacts and risks of ocean acidification on calcifying organisms: corals, mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms, etc. 44
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- The factors and influences of impacts and risks of ocean acidification on calcifying organisms: species, life stage, adaptation, acclimation, etc. 47
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Chapter 4: The impacts and risks of ocean acidification on non-calcifying organisms- The concepts and indicators of impacts and risks of ocean acidification on non-calcifying organisms: metabolism, respiration, photosynthesis, reproduction, etc. 50
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- The methods and tools of evaluating and managing impacts and risks of ocean acidification on non-calcifying organisms: laboratory experiments, field studies, meta-analyses, etc. 53
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- The examples and case studies of impacts and risks of ocean acidification on non-calcifying organisms: algae, bacteria, fish, mammals, etc. 56
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- The factors and influences of impacts and risks of ocean acidification on non-calcifying organisms: species, life stage, adaptation, acclimation, etc. 58
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Chapter 5: The impacts and risks of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems- The concepts and indicators of impacts and risks of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems: structure, function, service, value, etc. 61
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- The methods and tools of evaluating and managing impacts and risks of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems: ecosystem assessment, ecosystem service assessment, ecosystem-based adaptation, etc. 64
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- The examples and case studies of impacts and risks of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems: coral reefs, seagrass beds, kelp forests, etc. 67
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- The factors and influences of impacts and risks of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems: biodiversity, productivity, resilience, etc. 69
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Chapter 6: The impacts and risks of ocean acidification on human systems- The concepts and indicators of impacts and risks of ocean acidification on human systems: health, well-being, livelihood, culture, etc. 72
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- The methods and tools of evaluating and managing impacts and risks of ocean acidification on human systems: social assessment, vulnerability assessment, adaptation assessment, etc. 75
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- The examples and case studies of impacts and risks of ocean acidification on human systems: fisheries, aquaculture, tourism, coastal communities, etc. 78
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- The factors and influences of impacts and risks of ocean acidification on human systems: population, poverty, governance, etc. 81
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Chapter 7: The adaptation and transformation strategies and policies for ocean acidification- The concepts and principles of adaptation and transformation for ocean acidification: coping, adjusting, transforming, etc. 84
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- The methods and tools of planning and implementing adaptation and transformation for ocean acidification: adaptation planning, adaptation pathways, transformation planning, transformation actions, etc. 87
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- The examples and best practices of adaptation and transformation for ocean acidification: conservation, restoration, breeding, diversification, etc. 90
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- The challenges and opportunities of adaptation and transformation for ocean acidification: trade-offs, synergies, co-benefits, etc. 93
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Chapter 8: The mitigation and geoengineering strategies and policies for ocean acidification- The concepts and principles of mitigation and geoengineering for ocean acidification: reducing, removing, reflecting, etc. 96
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- The methods and tools of planning and implementing mitigation and geoengineering for ocean acidification: mitigation planning, mitigation actions, geoengineering planning, geoengineering actions, etc. 99
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- The examples and best practices of mitigation and geoengineering for ocean acidification: emission reduction, carbon capture and storage, ocean alkalinity enhancement, etc. 102
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- The challenges and opportunities of mitigation and geoengineering for ocean acidification: uncertainties, side effects, governance, etc. 105
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Chapter 9: The communication and education strategies and policies for ocean acidification- The concepts and principles of communication and education for ocean acidification: awareness, understanding, engagement, empowerment, etc. 108
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- The methods and tools of designing and delivering communication and education for ocean acidification: communication strategies, communication channels, education strategies, education methods, etc. 110
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- The examples and best practices of communication and education for ocean acidification: campaigns, media, outreach, curriculum, etc. 113
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- The challenges and opportunities of communication and education for ocean acidification: information, perception, behavior, action, etc. 116
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Chapter 10: The ethics and justice issues and dilemmas for ocean acidification- The concepts and frameworks of ethics and justice for ocean acidification: values, principles, rights, duties, etc. 119
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- The methods and tools of analyzing and addressing ethics and justice for ocean acidification: ethical analysis, ethical evaluation, justice analysis, justice evaluation, etc. 122
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- The examples and case studies of ethics and justice for ocean acidification: responsibility, liability, compensation, participation, etc. 124
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- The challenges and opportunities of ethics and justice for ocean acidification: conflicts, cooperation, solidarity, equity, etc. 126
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Chapter 11: The solutions and actions for ocean acidification- The concepts and models of solutions and actions for ocean acidification: goals, targets, indicators, outcomes, etc. 129
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- The methods and tools of identifying and evaluating solutions and actions for ocean acidification: solution identification, solution evaluation, action identification, action evaluation, etc. 132
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- The examples and best practices of solutions and actions for ocean acidification: initiatives, projects, programs, policies, etc. 135
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- The challenges and opportunities of solutions and actions for ocean acidification: effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability, scalability, etc. 138
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Chapter 12: The global and regional cooperation and governance for ocean acidification- The concepts and mechanisms of cooperation and governance for ocean acidification: actors, institutions, instruments, processes, etc. 141
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- The methods and tools of facilitating and enhancing cooperation and governance for ocean acidification: cooperation facilitation, cooperation enhancement, governance facilitation, governance enhancement, etc. 145
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- The examples and case studies of cooperation and governance for ocean acidification: conventions, agreements, frameworks, networks, etc. 148
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- The factors and influences of cooperation and governance for ocean acidification: interests, values, power, legitimacy, etc. 151
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Chapter 13: The science and innovation for ocean acidification- The concepts and drivers of science and innovation for ocean acidification: knowledge, technology, creativity, etc. 154
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- The methods and tools of conducting and supporting science and innovation for ocean acidification: research, development, demonstration, deployment, etc. 157
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- The examples and case studies of science and innovation for ocean acidification: discoveries, inventions, innovations, breakthroughs, etc. 160
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- The factors and influences of science and innovation for ocean acidification: funding, collaboration, diffusion, adoption, etc. 163
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Chapter 14: The monitoring and evaluation for ocean acidification- The concepts and indicators of monitoring and evaluation for ocean acidification: inputs, outputs, outcomes, impacts, etc. 166
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- The methods and tools of performing and improving monitoring and evaluation for ocean acidification: monitoring methods, monitoring tools, evaluation methods, evaluation tools, etc. 169
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- The examples and case studies of monitoring and evaluation for ocean acidification: reports, reviews, audits, feedback, etc. 172
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- The factors and influences of monitoring and evaluation for ocean acidification: data, quality, learning, improvement, etc. 175
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Chapter 15: The scenarios and visions for ocean acidification- The concepts and types of scenarios and visions for ocean acidification: scenarios, narratives, images, visions, etc. 178
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- The methods and tools of creating and using scenarios and visions for ocean acidification: scenario methods, scenario tools, vision methods, vision tools, etc. 181
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- The examples and case studies of scenarios and visions for ocean acidification: desirable, plausible, probable, preferable, etc. 184
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- The factors and influences of scenarios and visions for ocean acidification: uncertainty, complexity, diversity, creativity, etc. 186
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Chapter 16: The history and future of ocean acidification- The concepts and methods of history and future of ocean acidification: historical reconstruction, paleoceanography, future projection, foresight, etc. 189
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- The data and sources of history and future of ocean acidification: historical records, proxies, models, scenarios, etc. 191
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- The examples and case studies of history and future of ocean acidification: past changes, present changes, future changes, etc. 194
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- The factors and influences of history and future of ocean acidification: natural variability, human influence, feedbacks, interactions, etc. 197
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Chapter 17: The ocean acidification in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans- The types and characteristics of ocean acidification in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans: regional differences, local variations, etc. 199
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- The patterns and drivers of ocean acidification in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans: ocean currents, upwelling, coastal processes, etc. 202
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- The impacts and risks of ocean acidification in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans: coral reefs, shellfish, fish, marine mammals, etc. 204
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- The adaptation and mitigation strategies and policies for ocean acidification in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans: marine protected areas, aquaculture, fisheries management, carbon sequestration, etc. 207
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Chapter 18: The ocean acidification in the Indian and Southern oceans- The types and characteristics of ocean acidification in the Indian and Southern oceans: regional differences, local variations, etc. 210
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- The patterns and drivers of ocean acidification in the Indian and Southern oceans: monsoon, El Niño, Southern Ocean carbon sink, etc. 213
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- The impacts and risks of ocean acidification in the Indian and Southern oceans: seagrass beds, mangroves, calcareous phytoplankton, krill, etc. 215
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- The adaptation and mitigation strategies and policies for ocean acidification in the Indian and Southern oceans: conservation, restoration, biotechnology, geoengineering, etc. 217
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Chapter 19: The ocean acidification in the Arctic and Antarctic oceans- The types and characteristics of ocean acidification in the Arctic and Antarctic oceans: regional differences, local variations, etc. 220
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- The patterns and drivers of ocean acidification in the Arctic and Antarctic oceans: sea ice, freshwater input, ocean acidification front, etc. 223
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- The impacts and risks of ocean acidification in the Arctic and Antarctic oceans: polar ecosystems, polar communities, polar geopolitics, etc. 225
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- The adaptation and mitigation strategies and policies for ocean acidification in the Arctic and Antarctic oceans: monitoring, research, cooperation, awareness, etc. 228
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Chapter 20: The ocean acidification in the Mediterranean and Baltic seas- The types and characteristics of ocean acidification in the Mediterranean and Baltic seas: regional differences, local variations, etc. 231
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- The patterns and drivers of ocean acidification in the Mediterranean and Baltic seas: atmospheric pressure, wind, salinity, nutrient input, etc. 234
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- The impacts and risks of ocean acidification in the Mediterranean and Baltic seas: cultural heritage, tourism, biodiversity, fisheries, etc. 237
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- The adaptation and mitigation strategies and policies for ocean acidification in the Mediterranean and Baltic seas: planning, regulation, cooperation, innovation, etc. 240
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Conclusion- The main findings and messages of the book Ocean Acidification: Investigate the impact of rising carbon dioxide levels on the acidity of the oceans and its effects on marine life. 242
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