Retire Ready with Kyle Hammerschmidt

In this episode, Kolin and Kyle discuss a case study of a married couple who retired with $1.5 million in tax-deferred accounts. The couple had several concerns, including when and how to claim Social Security, the need for more comprehensive financial planning, uncertainty about how much they could spend in retirement, adjustments needed in a down market, and how to distribute their pre-tax money in a tax-efficient manner. The hosts also highlight common tax mistakes that can impact retirement and the importance of considering sequence of returns risk. They provide suggestions for tax planning, including early Social Security claiming, Roth conversions, and creating a comprehensive retirement plan. Takeaways Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

In this episode, Kolin and Kyle continue their case study of a married couple with $2 million in assets who are close to retirement. They discuss the income plan, tax planning, and investment strategies for the couple. The income plan includes exploring spending options, maximizing Social Security benefits, and choosing a withdrawal strategy. The tax planning focuses on proactive Roth conversions to lower long-term tax bills. The investment strategy involves setting aside three years of portfolio income in stable assets and adjusting spending based on portfolio values. The key takeaways include the importance of comprehensive planning, the need for proactive tax strategies, and the benefits of aligning all financial aspects of retirement. Takeaways Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

In this episode, Kolin and Kyle discuss a case study of a married couple in their mid-50s who are planning for retirement. The couple has a desired retirement age of 61 for the husband and 62 for the wife. They currently have an income of $270,000 and a desired retirement income of $144,000 per year. Their assets include $3.1 million, with the majority in tax-deferred accounts. At retirement, they are expected to have roughly $4 million. The couple's primary goals are to focus on tax diversification, create a comprehensive retirement plan, and optimize their income and tax strategies. They also discuss the importance of tax efficiency and investment management in retirement planning. Takeaways Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

Summary In this episode, Kolin and Kyle walk through a retirement income plan for a couple who are planning to retire in the next few years. They discuss the couple's income levels, assets, and spending capabilities. They also explore different strategies for maximizing social security, tax planning, and investment planning. The episode emphasizes the importance of spending more early in retirement and optimizing tax smart planning. The hosts also highlight the need to address sequence of returns risk and create a comprehensive retirement plan. Takeaways Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

In this episode, Kolin and Kyle discuss nine misconceptions about Roth conversions. They debunk the idea that Roth IRAs are always better than IRAs, explaining that the choice depends on individual circumstances. They also emphasize the importance of comprehensive tax planning and caution against winging it or converting large amounts without a strategy. The hosts address the misconception that Roth conversions prevent contributions to a Roth IRA and clarify that conversions do not count against modified adjusted gross income. They also discuss the misconception that paying the tax bill from savings is the only option and explain the potential penalties for underpayment. The hosts highlight the need for flexibility and multiple strategies when it comes to Roth conversions, cautioning against chasing a completely tax-free retirement. Finally, they debunk the idea that Roth conversions must be completed before required minimum distributions (RMDs) kick in, explaining that conversions can still be done after RMDs to lower future distributions. Takeaways Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

In this episode, Kyle and Kolin discuss a case study of a married couple near retirement. The couple plans to retire in 12 months and has a planning life expectancy of 90 for the wife and 85 for the husband. Their primary insurance amount for Social Security is $2,800 and $2,200 per month. They have a net essential spending goal of $6,000 per month with a 4% cost of living adjustment. The couple has a total asset value of $1.7 million, with a heavy emphasis on tax-deferred accounts. Their concerns include maximizing spending early in retirement, tax planning, and investment strategies for the fragile decade. The solutions discussed include Roth conversions, tax-efficient planning, and adjusting income based on portfolio performance. Takeaways Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

Summary In this episode, Kyle and Kolin discuss three common retirement portfolio income strategies: spending portfolio income, the 4% rule, and risk-based income guardrails. They explore the pros and cons of each strategy and provide examples to illustrate their application. The conversation delves into the nuances of each strategy, highlighting the considerations and implications for retirees. Takeaways Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

This episode goes into the intricacies of investing in retirement, focusing on long-term S&P growth, sequence of returns risk, and bucket approaches. It emphasizes the impact of market volatility on retirement income and the importance of strategic investment decisions. The episode concludes with a call to action for seeking professional advice. Takeaways How Long It Takes To Recover Source 2000-2009 S&P 500 Source 2010-2019 S&P 500 Source 2000-2023 S&P 500 Source S&P 500 Long Term Returns Source Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

Summary In this episode of the Retire Ready podcast, Kolin and Kyle discuss investing in and near retirement. They start by explaining the difference between accumulation and decumulation phases and the importance of focusing on decumulation as retirement approaches. They then dive into the concept of 'naked investing,' where many people invest without a clear strategy or understanding of why they are investing. Kyle emphasizes the need for a thoughtful and well-planned approach to investing near and in retirement, considering factors like protection, liquidity, and growth. He also discusses the importance of tax planning and understanding market volatility. Takeaways First Trust: https://www.ftportfolios.com/COMMON/CONTENTFILELOADER.ASPX?CONTENTGUID=4ECFA978-D0BB-4924-92C8-628FF9BFE12D Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

Summary In this episode, Kolin and Kyle discuss steps five and six of a tax-efficient retirement plan. Step five involves deciding whether to pay taxes now or later, considering factors such as income levels, deductions, and retirement account contributions. Step six focuses on the ongoing management of the plan, including diversifying income sources, maximizing Social Security, and adjusting strategies based on tax law changes. The episode highlights common mistakes to avoid, such as assuming lower taxes in retirement and withdrawing from retirement accounts in the wrong order. Takeaways Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

Summary In this episode, Kyle and Kolin discuss steps three and four of a tax-efficient retirement plan. Step three focuses on understanding the order of withdrawals, which involves categorizing money by tax impact and developing a withdrawal strategy. The goals of a withdrawal strategy include maximizing retirement spending, minimizing taxes, enhancing portfolio longevity, reducing long-term tax bills, and eliminating or reducing taxes on Social Security benefits. Step four involves understanding tax bracket capacity and planning for tax-efficient withdrawals. The hosts provide examples and case studies to illustrate these concepts. Takeaways Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

Summary In this episode, Kyle and Kolin discuss the three tax funnels that can be used to build a tax-efficient retirement plan. The first funnel is the tax later bucket, where contributions are made with pre-tax dollars, such as employer plans and IRAs. Distributions from this account are taxed as income. The second funnel is the tax now bucket, where contributions are made with after-tax dollars, such as brokerage accounts. The growth or income from this account is subject to taxes. The third funnel is the tax never bucket, which includes Roth plans where contributions are made with after-tax dollars and distributions are tax-free. The hosts also provide a case study to illustrate how these tax funnels can be applied in practice. Takeaways Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

In this episode, Kolin and Kyle discuss step number one of a tax-efficient retirement plan: provisional income. Provisional income is used to determine whether a portion of your Social Security benefits are taxable. The four components of provisional income are non-taxable interest, ordinary income, dividends and capital gains, and half of the household Social Security benefit. They provide examples of two different strategies: the traditional strategy, where most income is subject to federal tax rates, and a tax-efficient strategy, where proactive tax planning is used to lower the tax bill and keep more of the Social Security benefits. They emphasize the importance of running the numbers and considering different strategies to maximize tax efficiency in retirement. Takeaways Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

Summary In this episode of the Retire Ready Podcast, Kolin and Kyle discuss the importance of tax planning in retirement. They highlight the underappreciation of tax planning by pre-retirees and their financial advisors, and emphasize that the lack of tax planning can result in paying more taxes than necessary. The hosts provide six steps to building a tax-efficient retirement plan, including mastering provisional income, categorizing money by tax impact, strategizing the order of withdrawals, measuring tax bracket capacity, deciding between paying taxes now or later, and engaging in ongoing tax planning. They also discuss common mistakes to avoid in retirement tax planning. Takeaways Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

Summary In this conversation, Kyle and Kolin discuss the mistakes people make when hiring a financial advisor. They highlight 6 key mistakes and provide advice on how to avoid them. The mistakes include ignoring the importance of tax planning, not having a strategic investment plan, confusing fee-based and fee-only advisors, focusing on investments before comprehensive planning, relying on big financial firms for guidance, and not seeking a customized retirement plan. The conversation emphasizes the need for a clear understanding that not all financial advisors are created equal and encourages listeners to make informed decisions when deciding to partner with a financial advisor. Takeaways Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

This week on the show, we’re diving into the mailbag to answer some recent listener questions that have landed in Kyle’s inbox. He will share his thoughts on these inquiries and share helpful tips for those of you who might’ve found yourself in a similar situation. Stay tuned to see what you can learn! Here are the questions we tackle in today’s show: Helpful Info: Kyle's website: http://www.mokanwealth.com/ Phone: 913-257-3991 Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

“Learn from the mistakes of others. You can’t live long enough to make them all yourself.” – Eleanor Roosevelt… Ever wish you could foresee financial missteps before they happen? In today’s episode explore some real-life stories of regret and arm yourself with the essential dos and don'ts to ensure your money works for you, not against you. Here’s some of what we discuss in this episode: Helpful Info: Kyle's website: http://www.mokanwealth.com/ Phone: 913-257-3991 Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

The retirement planning world is filled with plenty of advice and suggestions, but there are critical questions lurking in the shadows – the unasked, the overlooked. These are the questions that can help define the comfort and security of your retirement future. In this episode, we unearth and tackle these hidden, but essential questions about retirement. Here’s some of what we discuss in this episode: We hope you enjoy the show! Helpful Info: Kyle's website: http://www.mokanwealth.com/ Phone: 913-257-3991 Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

Retirement is a unique journey for each of us. The thought that there's a one-size-fits-all solution is a myth, but what if we told you there are certain universal truths that can guide every retiree? We’ve split this list of 10 truths into two episodes, and part one focused on income planning, long-term care, investing, longevity and inflation. Today we close out the final five retirement truths by covering investing guidance, taxes, working in retirement, and estate planning. Here are the truths we’ll discuss in this episode: We hope you enjoy the show! Helpful Info: Kyle's website: http://www.mokanwealth.com/ Phone: 913-257-3991 Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.

Retirement is a unique journey for each of us. The thought that there's a one-size-fits-all solution is a myth, but what if we told you there are certain universal truths that can guide every retiree? Dive deep in this episode, where we juxtapose the individuality of retirement plans with the foundational principles that remain consistent across the board. We’ve broken it down into a list of 10 truths and we’ll tackle the first five in part one today. Here are the truths we’ll discuss in this episode: We hope you enjoy the show! Helpful Info: Kyle's website: http://www.mokanwealth.com/ Phone: 913-257-3991 Subscribe to The Retire Ready Weekly Newsletter Get more information on The Retire Ready Academy Looking for personalized financial planning? Visit our website Disclosure: You should always consult a financial, tax, or legal professional familiar with your unique circumstances before making any financial decisions. This podcast is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in this podcast constitutes a solicitation for the sale or purchase of any securities. Any mentioned rates of return are historical or hypothetical in nature and are not a guarantee of future returns. Past performance does not guarantee future performance. Future returns may be lower or higher. Investments involve risk. Investment values will fluctuate with market conditions, and security positions, when sold, may be worth less or more than their original cost. MOKAN Wealth Management is a registered investment adviser with the SEC. Registration of an investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training.